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Motivation
07/04/2023
Chemistry
periodicity
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7 Apr 2023
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Why Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy Change in the Periodic Table for Kids
Motivation
@motivation.1
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Boiling Points and Molecular Structures
This page explores the trends in boiling points of metals across a period and discusses the molecular structures of silicon and silicon oxide.
Boiling Point Trends in Metals
As we move across a period in the periodic table, the boiling points of metals generally increase. This trend can be attributed to several factors:
- Nuclear charge increases
- Atomic radius decreases
- Number of outer shell electrons increases
- Attraction between nucleus and electrons increases
- Shielding effect remains constant due to the same number of electron shells
Example: The boiling point trend can be observed in the following sequence of elements: Na < Mg < Al
These factors contribute to stronger metallic bonding, resulting in higher boiling points as we move across the period.
Silicon and Silicon Oxide Structures
Silicon
Silicon forms a giant molecular structure, also known as a giant covalent structure.
Highlight: Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four other silicon atoms, forming a tetrahedral shape.
This structure results in:
- High melting point
- High boiling point
- Significant energy required to break the covalent bonds
Silicon Oxide (SiO₂)
Silicon oxide also forms a giant molecular structure, but with a different composition:
- Si-O-Si bonds form the backbone of the structure
- Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms
- Each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms
Vocabulary: Giant molecular structure refers to a large, three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms.
Simple Covalent Molecules
In contrast to giant structures, some molecules form simple covalent structures:
- These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular London forces
- They typically have low melting and boiling points
- Larger molecules tend to have stronger London forces
Example: P₄ (white phosphorus) and Ar (argon) are examples of simple covalent molecules or atoms.
Understanding these structural differences helps explain the varying properties of different substances, such as their melting points, boiling points, and overall chemical behavior.
Trends Across the Periodic Table
This page discusses the trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and shielding effect across periods and down groups in the periodic table.
Trends Across a Period
As we move across a period in the periodic table, several trends become apparent:
-
Nuclear charge increases due to an increase in the number of protons.
-
Atomic radius decreases. This is because the increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, resulting in a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
Definition: Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell of an atom.
- Ionization energy increases. The first ionization energy, in particular, shows an upward trend across a period.
Definition: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.
- Shielding effect remains relatively constant across a period. This is because the number of inner shell electrons remains the same.
Definition: The shielding effect is caused by inner shell electrons repelling outer shell electrons, reducing the effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer electrons.
Trends Down a Group
When moving down a group in the periodic table, we observe different trends:
-
Ionization energy decreases. This is because it becomes easier to remove an electron as the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons increases.
-
Atomic radius increases. This is due to the addition of new electron shells as we move down the group.
-
Shielding effect increases. With more electron shells, there are more inner electrons to shield the outer electrons from the nuclear charge.
-
Nuclear attraction decreases for outer shell electrons. This is a result of the increased distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons, as well as the increased shielding effect.
Highlight: Understanding these trends is crucial for predicting the chemical and physical properties of elements across the periodic table.
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Anna
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Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Why Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy Change in the Periodic Table for Kids
Motivation
@motivation.1
Atomic radius and ionization energy trends across the periodic table are crucial concepts in chemistry. These trends are influenced by factors like nuclear charge, shielding effect, and electron configuration. Understanding these patterns helps predict element properties and chemical behavior.
- Atomic... Show more
Boiling Points and Molecular Structures
This page explores the trends in boiling points of metals across a period and discusses the molecular structures of silicon and silicon oxide.
Boiling Point Trends in Metals
As we move across a period in the periodic table, the boiling points of metals generally increase. This trend can be attributed to several factors:
- Nuclear charge increases
- Atomic radius decreases
- Number of outer shell electrons increases
- Attraction between nucleus and electrons increases
- Shielding effect remains constant due to the same number of electron shells
Example: The boiling point trend can be observed in the following sequence of elements: Na < Mg < Al
These factors contribute to stronger metallic bonding, resulting in higher boiling points as we move across the period.
Silicon and Silicon Oxide Structures
Silicon
Silicon forms a giant molecular structure, also known as a giant covalent structure.
Highlight: Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four other silicon atoms, forming a tetrahedral shape.
This structure results in:
- High melting point
- High boiling point
- Significant energy required to break the covalent bonds
Silicon Oxide (SiO₂)
Silicon oxide also forms a giant molecular structure, but with a different composition:
- Si-O-Si bonds form the backbone of the structure
- Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms
- Each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms
Vocabulary: Giant molecular structure refers to a large, three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms.
Simple Covalent Molecules
In contrast to giant structures, some molecules form simple covalent structures:
- These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular London forces
- They typically have low melting and boiling points
- Larger molecules tend to have stronger London forces
Example: P₄ (white phosphorus) and Ar (argon) are examples of simple covalent molecules or atoms.
Understanding these structural differences helps explain the varying properties of different substances, such as their melting points, boiling points, and overall chemical behavior.
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Trends Across the Periodic Table
This page discusses the trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and shielding effect across periods and down groups in the periodic table.
Trends Across a Period
As we move across a period in the periodic table, several trends become apparent:
-
Nuclear charge increases due to an increase in the number of protons.
-
Atomic radius decreases. This is because the increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, resulting in a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
Definition: Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell of an atom.
- Ionization energy increases. The first ionization energy, in particular, shows an upward trend across a period.
Definition: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.
- Shielding effect remains relatively constant across a period. This is because the number of inner shell electrons remains the same.
Definition: The shielding effect is caused by inner shell electrons repelling outer shell electrons, reducing the effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer electrons.
Trends Down a Group
When moving down a group in the periodic table, we observe different trends:
-
Ionization energy decreases. This is because it becomes easier to remove an electron as the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons increases.
-
Atomic radius increases. This is due to the addition of new electron shells as we move down the group.
-
Shielding effect increases. With more electron shells, there are more inner electrons to shield the outer electrons from the nuclear charge.
-
Nuclear attraction decreases for outer shell electrons. This is a result of the increased distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons, as well as the increased shielding effect.
Highlight: Understanding these trends is crucial for predicting the chemical and physical properties of elements across the periodic table.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user