The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place. This energy comes from particles colliding with one another or the wall if the container

A substance which increases the rate if reaction by lowering the activation energy so more collisions occur with enough energy to increase the rate

Rate increases because the particles move with more energy so collisions occur more frequently resulting in an increased rate if reaction

What happens to the rate if reaction when temperature increases?

Rate increases because there is more wall space for particles to collide with so more frequent collisions take place resulting in an increased rate 

What happens to the rate of reaction when surface area increases?

Rate increases because there are more particles in the same amount of space so more frequent collisions occur resulting in a higher rate

What happens to the rate of reaction when concentration increases?

Rate of reaction increases because the particles are being pushed closer together so more frequent collisions take place resulting in an increased rate

What happens to the rate of reaction when pressure increases?

The point at which the forward and backwards reaction in a reverse reaction happen at the same time so the amount of products and the amount of reactants is constant - This is Chatilier's Principle

True or False? Increasing the pressure will favour the side of the reaction with the most gas particles 

False. It will favour the endothermic reaction

True or False? Increasing the temperature will favour the exothermic reaction.

A reaction where the products can react to form the reactants 

The crude oil is heated and vapourisded and rises to the top of the fractional distillation column. Here it is colder so the crude oil condenses and separates into different fractions depending on their boiling points

Explain how crude oil is separated using fractional distillation

A method used to separate hydrocarbons in an area of high temperature and high pressure 

A method used to separate hydrocarbons using a catalyst

In complete combustion there is enough oxygen and in incomplete combustion there is not enough which results in carbon monoxide and soot being produced

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

Hydrocarbons formed with a single covalent bond 

Hydrocarbons formed with a double covalent bond

True, mixtures have a fluctuating melting point

True or False? Pure substances have an exact melting point

Components which are strongly attached to the solvent so they move up the paper 

Components which are attracted to the paper so they do not move

Distance moved by compound ÷ Distance moved by solvent.      Rf values are always less than one!

A mixture designed to create a useful product such as paint or medicine or beauty products

Hold a little split in the rest tube if gas and if hydrogen is present a squeaky pop sound is made

Hold a glowing splint in a test tube and if the splint relights oxygen is present

Bubble the gas through limewater and if it turns cloudy, carbon dioxide is present

Damp litmus paper is bleached white when held in chlorine 

Cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to pink when water is present 

How long ago was the Earth's atmosphere formed?

Water vapour was 74%     Carbon dioxide was 12%.     Sulfur dioxide was 9% and nitrogen was 5%

Describe the early atmosphere of the world

Nitrogen is 78%.     Oxygen is 21%.      Carbon dioxide is 0.04%

Data from other planets, trapped bubbles of gas in rocks and volcanic activity on Earth

How do we know about the early atmosphere?

When life first formed with algae they ohotosynthesised which absorbs carbon dioxide and release oxygen 

How did carbon dioxide decrease and oxygen increase in the atmosphere?

As the temperature of earth decreased, water vapour condensed and fell to Earth which formed oceans 

How was nitrogen increased in the atmosphere?

As sulfur dioxide capourises then mixes in clouds it condenses and causes acid rain

Remove sulphur from fossil fuels before burning and removing sulphur from waste

The oxidation of nitrogen gas in air and at high temperatures in vehicle engines, this causes acid rain

Burning diesel. They worsen asthma and cause global dimming

They absorb the radiation emmited by earth, they are carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

Suns rays reach us then ultraviolet waves are allowed through the atmospheres greenhouse gases. The Earth's surface absorbs the energy and re-emits it as infrared radiation, greenhouse gases absorb radiation and the more greenhouse gases, the more absorbtion resulting in rising temperatures 

Change in fossil fuel taxes, research alternative fuels, better energy efficiency and planting more trees. However there may be political disagreements, risk to development and high economic cost

Cattle and decomposing matter, rice fields and agriculture, and swamps

Melting ice caps resulting in rising sea levels, extreme weather, atmospheric temperatures and rainfall changes and changes to wildlife distribution 

Finite resources will run out, infinite will not

What is the difference between finite and infinite resources?

Water is stored in resovoirs, metal grids screen out large objects, sand and soil settle out in settlement tanks, chemicals are added so small particles clump together and sink then bacteria is killed by chlorine. pH is added to neutralise and then water is distributed

Having crops in copper rich soil then burning them and extracting copper from the ashes

Paper 2 Chemistry AQA GCSE Trilogy Tier

Flashcards

Paper 2 Chemistry AQA GCSE Trilogy Tier

Flashcards