Covalent Bonding and Molecules
Ever wondered how water stays together or why oxygen gas exists as O₂? Covalent bonding happens when non-metal atoms share electrons to stick together. The shared electrons create an electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei and the electron pair - think of it as atoms holding hands through their electrons.
Covalent molecules are small structures with strong bonds inside but weak attractions between different molecules. This explains why water boils at just 100°C - those weak intermolecular forces break easily. These molecules can't conduct electricity because there are no free-moving charged particles floating about.
The shape matters too! Molecules come in four main shapes: linear (like carbon dioxide), angular (like water), trigonal pyramidal (like ammonia), and tetrahedral (like methane). These shapes affect how molecules interact with each other.
Quick tip: Remember that covalent substances dissolve in other covalent solvents - "like dissolves like" is a handy rule!
