Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
124
•
11 Dec 2025
•
Ummi
@ummi_.com
Ever wondered why your phone conducts electricity but plastic doesn't?... Show more
Think about a shiny coin or a copper wire - these showcase the classic traits that make metals so useful in our daily lives. Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity because they contain free electrons that can move around easily, which is why your phone charger uses copper wires instead of plastic ones.
What makes metals particularly valuable is their malleability and ductility. This means you can hammer them into thin sheets (like aluminium foil) or stretch them into wires without breaking them. Most metals also have that distinctive lustrous shine that reflects light beautifully.
High melting and boiling points are another key feature - that's why iron doesn't melt when you're cooking! Nearly all metals stay solid at room temperature, with mercury being the famous exception that's liquid.
Quick Tip: Remember "MHLS" - Malleable, High melting point, Lustrous, Solid at room temperature!
When it comes to chemical behaviour, metals love to lose electrons and form positive ions called cations. This is why they readily react with oxygen to form metal oxides and fizz dramatically when you drop them in acid, releasing hydrogen gas.
Common metal examples include iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium, sodium, and potassium - each with slightly different properties but sharing these fundamental characteristics.
Non-metals are basically the opposite of everything you've just learned about metals. They're poor conductors of heat and electricity because they lack those free electrons that make metals so conductive. Instead of being bendy like metals, non-metals are typically brittle and snap easily under pressure.
Remember: If metals lose electrons, non-metals do the opposite - they gain electrons to form negative ions!
Non-metals have a completely different personality from metals. They typically appear dull rather than shiny and have much lower melting and boiling points due to weaker forces holding their particles together.
Unlike metals that are mostly solid, non-metals can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. Think about oxygen (gas), bromine (liquid), and carbon (solid) - all non-metals but in different states!
Chemically, non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions called anions. They still react with oxygen to form oxides, but here's a key difference: non-metals generally don't react with acids like metals do.
Common examples include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, bromine, and iodine - elements you'll encounter frequently in chemistry.
Memory Trick: Non-metals are "non-cooperative" - they don't conduct well, don't bend, and don't react with acids!
Understanding metals and non-metals isn't just academic - these properties determine how we use these elements in the real world. Metals dominate construction, electronics, and transportation precisely because of their strength, electrical conductivity, and ability to be shaped without breaking.
Your car's body uses steel for strength, the wiring uses copper for conductivity, and the exhaust system uses materials that can handle high temperatures. Non-metals play equally crucial roles in pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and even some electronics where their unique chemical properties are exactly what's needed.
The key takeaway? Physical and chemical properties directly determine practical applications. Engineers and designers choose materials based on whether they need something that conducts electricity, bends without breaking, or resists certain chemical reactions.
Real-World Connection: Next time you use your phone, remember you're holding both metals (for circuits) and non-metals (for the screen and plastic parts) working together!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Ummi
@ummi_.com
Ever wondered why your phone conducts electricity but plastic doesn't? The answer lies in understanding metals and non-metals - two fundamental groups of elements that behave completely differently. Grasping these differences will help you understand everything from why we use... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think about a shiny coin or a copper wire - these showcase the classic traits that make metals so useful in our daily lives. Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity because they contain free electrons that can move around easily, which is why your phone charger uses copper wires instead of plastic ones.
What makes metals particularly valuable is their malleability and ductility. This means you can hammer them into thin sheets (like aluminium foil) or stretch them into wires without breaking them. Most metals also have that distinctive lustrous shine that reflects light beautifully.
High melting and boiling points are another key feature - that's why iron doesn't melt when you're cooking! Nearly all metals stay solid at room temperature, with mercury being the famous exception that's liquid.
Quick Tip: Remember "MHLS" - Malleable, High melting point, Lustrous, Solid at room temperature!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When it comes to chemical behaviour, metals love to lose electrons and form positive ions called cations. This is why they readily react with oxygen to form metal oxides and fizz dramatically when you drop them in acid, releasing hydrogen gas.
Common metal examples include iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium, sodium, and potassium - each with slightly different properties but sharing these fundamental characteristics.
Non-metals are basically the opposite of everything you've just learned about metals. They're poor conductors of heat and electricity because they lack those free electrons that make metals so conductive. Instead of being bendy like metals, non-metals are typically brittle and snap easily under pressure.
Remember: If metals lose electrons, non-metals do the opposite - they gain electrons to form negative ions!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Non-metals have a completely different personality from metals. They typically appear dull rather than shiny and have much lower melting and boiling points due to weaker forces holding their particles together.
Unlike metals that are mostly solid, non-metals can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. Think about oxygen (gas), bromine (liquid), and carbon (solid) - all non-metals but in different states!
Chemically, non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions called anions. They still react with oxygen to form oxides, but here's a key difference: non-metals generally don't react with acids like metals do.
Common examples include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, bromine, and iodine - elements you'll encounter frequently in chemistry.
Memory Trick: Non-metals are "non-cooperative" - they don't conduct well, don't bend, and don't react with acids!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding metals and non-metals isn't just academic - these properties determine how we use these elements in the real world. Metals dominate construction, electronics, and transportation precisely because of their strength, electrical conductivity, and ability to be shaped without breaking.
Your car's body uses steel for strength, the wiring uses copper for conductivity, and the exhaust system uses materials that can handle high temperatures. Non-metals play equally crucial roles in pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and even some electronics where their unique chemical properties are exactly what's needed.
The key takeaway? Physical and chemical properties directly determine practical applications. Engineers and designers choose materials based on whether they need something that conducts electricity, bends without breaking, or resists certain chemical reactions.
Real-World Connection: Next time you use your phone, remember you're holding both metals (for circuits) and non-metals (for the screen and plastic parts) working together!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology