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Chemistry
28 Nov 2025
275
9 pages
Sarah Khan @userohllx_dtah
Higher Chemistry Unit 2: Systematic Chemistryis a comprehensive guide covering key topics in organic chemistry, including alkanes,... Show more
This section delves into the structure and classification of alcohols, which is essential knowledge for the Alkanes alkenes and alcohols chemistry study guide aqa.
Vocabulary The functional group of alcohols is the hydroxyl group .
Alcohols are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the position of the hydroxyl group. The page provides structural diagrams for each type, helping students visualize the differences.
Definition Diols are alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups, while triols contain three hydroxyl groups.
The physical properties of alcohols are explained, emphasizing the impact of hydroxyl groups on boiling points, viscosity, and solubility.
Highlight As the number of hydroxyl groups increases, the boiling point tends to increase due to stronger hydrogen bonding, leading to higher melting and boiling points, increased viscosity, and greater solubility in polar solvents.
This page focuses on carboxylic acids, their structure, and reactions, which are crucial topics in Higher Chemistry unit 2 systematic chemistry notes free.
Definition Carboxylic acids have the functional group -COOH, known as the carboxyl group.
The page outlines key reactions of carboxylic acids with metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and metal carbonates, providing balanced equations for each reaction.
Example Metal Carbonate + Carboxylic Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
This information is particularly useful for students studying Higher Chemistry Unit 3 Notes as it provides a foundation for understanding more complex organic reactions.
This section covers the formation and properties of esters, as well as their role in fats and oils. It's an essential part of the Chemistry unit 2 summary notes.
Definition Esters are formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, a process known as esterification or condensation reaction.
The page provides a detailed explanation of the esterification process, including the experimental setup and precautions.
Highlight Esters are used as flavourings and fragrances due to their pleasant fruity smells, and as solvents for non-polar compounds.
The hydrolysis of esters is also discussed, explaining the reversible nature of the esterification reaction.
Vocabulary Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down a compound by reaction with water.
This page delves deeper into the structure and formation of fats and oils, which is crucial for understanding Higher Chemistry Unit 1 notes.
Definition Edible fats and oils are esters formed from a condensation reaction of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules.
The page explains the condensation reaction that forms triglycerides, providing a balanced equation and structural diagram.
Example CH₂-OH + 3R-COOH → CH₂-O-CO-R + 3H₂O
The differences between fats and oils are explained, focusing on their molecular structure and physical properties.
Highlight The structure of fatty acids that combine with glycerol affects whether a fat or oil is formed. Saturated fatty acids tend to form fats, while unsaturated fatty acids form oils.
This information is particularly relevant for students studying Higher Chemistry notes and preparing for exams on organic chemistry.
This page introduces fundamental concepts in organic chemistry, focusing on alkanes and alkenes. It covers their general formulas, structural characteristics, and key reactions.
Definition Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds, while alkenes (CnH2n) are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
The page also explains isomers and addition reactions, which are crucial for understanding Alkanes and alkenes GCSE Chemistry.
Example Addition reactions of alkenes include bromination (with Br2), hydrogenation (with H2), hydration (with H2O), and halogenation (with HX).
Physical properties of these compounds are discussed, emphasizing the relationship between molecular size and boiling/melting points.
Highlight As the number of carbon atoms increases in alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkanes, there is a gradual increase in melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore essential synthetic routes for aliphatic compounds in organic chemistry. This summary covers reaction pathways for alkanes, alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids, detailing key reagents and conditions. Ideal for OCR A Level Chemistry students seeking to master organic synthesis mechanisms.
ChemistryExplore key concepts in organic chemistry, including reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and functional groups. This comprehensive summary covers alcohols, alkenes, carboxylic acids, and more, providing insights into molecular structures and properties. Ideal for IB Chemistry HL students preparing for exams.
ChemistryExplore the chemistry of alcohols and carboxylic acids, including their structures, properties, and reactions. This summary covers homologous series, energy calculations, and the fermentation process for ethanol production. Ideal for students studying organic chemistry.
ChemistryExplore key concepts in organic chemistry, including functional groups, IUPAC nomenclature, reaction mechanisms, and polymer chemistry. This comprehensive summary covers aromatic compounds, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, and mass spectrometry, providing essential insights for students. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding organic synthesis, chemical reactions, and molecular structures.
ChemistryExplore the mechanisms of electrophilic addition reactions in organic chemistry, focusing on alkenes and their derivatives. This summary covers key concepts such as carbocation formation, isomerism, and the environmental impact of various fuels, including biofuels and hydrogen. Ideal for OCR A-Level Chemistry students seeking to understand the relationship between organic reactions and fuel development.
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of aromatic chemistry, focusing on benzene's structure, stability, and reactions. This summary covers delocalization, electrophilic substitution mechanisms, and the significance of arenes in organic chemistry. Ideal for AQA A-Level students seeking a concise overview of aromatic compounds.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sarah Khan
@userohllx_dtah
Higher Chemistry Unit 2: Systematic Chemistry is a comprehensive guide covering key topics in organic chemistry, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters. This study material is essential for students preparing for Higher Chemistry unit 2 systematic chemistry notes... Show more
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This section delves into the structure and classification of alcohols, which is essential knowledge for the Alkanes alkenes and alcohols chemistry study guide aqa.
Vocabulary: The functional group of alcohols is the hydroxyl group .
Alcohols are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the position of the hydroxyl group. The page provides structural diagrams for each type, helping students visualize the differences.
Definition: Diols are alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups, while triols contain three hydroxyl groups.
The physical properties of alcohols are explained, emphasizing the impact of hydroxyl groups on boiling points, viscosity, and solubility.
Highlight: As the number of hydroxyl groups increases, the boiling point tends to increase due to stronger hydrogen bonding, leading to higher melting and boiling points, increased viscosity, and greater solubility in polar solvents.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on carboxylic acids, their structure, and reactions, which are crucial topics in Higher Chemistry unit 2 systematic chemistry notes free.
Definition: Carboxylic acids have the functional group -COOH, known as the carboxyl group.
The page outlines key reactions of carboxylic acids with metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and metal carbonates, providing balanced equations for each reaction.
Example: Metal Carbonate + Carboxylic Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
This information is particularly useful for students studying Higher Chemistry Unit 3 Notes as it provides a foundation for understanding more complex organic reactions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section covers the formation and properties of esters, as well as their role in fats and oils. It's an essential part of the Chemistry unit 2 summary notes.
Definition: Esters are formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, a process known as esterification or condensation reaction.
The page provides a detailed explanation of the esterification process, including the experimental setup and precautions.
Highlight: Esters are used as flavourings and fragrances due to their pleasant fruity smells, and as solvents for non-polar compounds.
The hydrolysis of esters is also discussed, explaining the reversible nature of the esterification reaction.
Vocabulary: Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down a compound by reaction with water.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves deeper into the structure and formation of fats and oils, which is crucial for understanding Higher Chemistry Unit 1 notes.
Definition: Edible fats and oils are esters formed from a condensation reaction of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules.
The page explains the condensation reaction that forms triglycerides, providing a balanced equation and structural diagram.
Example: CH₂-OH + 3R-COOH → CH₂-O-CO-R + 3H₂O
The differences between fats and oils are explained, focusing on their molecular structure and physical properties.
Highlight: The structure of fatty acids that combine with glycerol affects whether a fat or oil is formed. Saturated fatty acids tend to form fats, while unsaturated fatty acids form oils.
This information is particularly relevant for students studying Higher Chemistry notes and preparing for exams on organic chemistry.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces fundamental concepts in organic chemistry, focusing on alkanes and alkenes. It covers their general formulas, structural characteristics, and key reactions.
Definition: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds, while alkenes (CnH2n) are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
The page also explains isomers and addition reactions, which are crucial for understanding Alkanes and alkenes GCSE Chemistry.
Example: Addition reactions of alkenes include bromination (with Br2), hydrogenation (with H2), hydration (with H2O), and halogenation (with HX).
Physical properties of these compounds are discussed, emphasizing the relationship between molecular size and boiling/melting points.
Highlight: As the number of carbon atoms increases in alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkanes, there is a gradual increase in melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
14
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore essential synthetic routes for aliphatic compounds in organic chemistry. This summary covers reaction pathways for alkanes, alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids, detailing key reagents and conditions. Ideal for OCR A Level Chemistry students seeking to master organic synthesis mechanisms.
ChemistryExplore key concepts in organic chemistry, including reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and functional groups. This comprehensive summary covers alcohols, alkenes, carboxylic acids, and more, providing insights into molecular structures and properties. Ideal for IB Chemistry HL students preparing for exams.
ChemistryExplore the chemistry of alcohols and carboxylic acids, including their structures, properties, and reactions. This summary covers homologous series, energy calculations, and the fermentation process for ethanol production. Ideal for students studying organic chemistry.
ChemistryExplore key concepts in organic chemistry, including functional groups, IUPAC nomenclature, reaction mechanisms, and polymer chemistry. This comprehensive summary covers aromatic compounds, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, and mass spectrometry, providing essential insights for students. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding organic synthesis, chemical reactions, and molecular structures.
ChemistryExplore the mechanisms of electrophilic addition reactions in organic chemistry, focusing on alkenes and their derivatives. This summary covers key concepts such as carbocation formation, isomerism, and the environmental impact of various fuels, including biofuels and hydrogen. Ideal for OCR A-Level Chemistry students seeking to understand the relationship between organic reactions and fuel development.
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of aromatic chemistry, focusing on benzene's structure, stability, and reactions. This summary covers delocalization, electrophilic substitution mechanisms, and the significance of arenes in organic chemistry. Ideal for AQA A-Level students seeking a concise overview of aromatic compounds.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
