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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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01/04/2023
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GROUP O- noble gases They are colourless, urreactive gases which have full outer shells, which makes them. very stable. They are colourless gases at room temperature. They are non- flammable. Have low melting + boiling points. Elements. further down the group have higher boiling points but are below 0°C leading to an increase in intermolecular forces. between atoms, increasing the amount of energy needed to overcome these. forces to change state. All the elements. have 8 electrons in their outer shell except helium which has 2. "He 20 Ne Ar 18 184 136 131 Xe 54 222 Ro INCREASES NATION POINT BOILING POINT INCREASES GOING DOWND & the atoms become. larger * the intermolecular forces become stronger * more energy is needed to overcome these forces GROUP 1- олколі теколь? with a + They are soft metals which can easily be cut. knife. They have low densities & low metting points. They are very reactive as they is only need to lose 1 election to become highly stable. The alkali metals share similar. characteristics + properties because they have. only 1 election in their outer shell. They get softer as you move down the group When a group 1 element reacts its atoms only need to lose 1 election in the outer shell. when this happens 1+ ions are formed. Going down the group the number of shells increases by 1 80 outer election gets further away from nucleus so there is weaker forces of attraction between them + less energy is required to overcome. 1 Li 13 23 Na 39 K 19 85 Rb 133 Cs 223 Fr 87 INCREASES REACTIVITY MELTING + BOILING...
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POINTS DECREASE A+ the force of attraction so election is lost more easily. So get more reactive. REACTIONS 3 They react vigorously with WATER to create an alkaline solution + hydrogen. They react with OXYGEN to create an ozide. They react with one CHLORINE to form a white precipitate. Alkali metals + H₂O REACT Jal Le 2 Na + 2H₂O Sodium + Water Metal VIGOROUSLY hydroxide gaz Alkali metals + CL lithium → 2NaOH + H₂ sodium potassium Sodium + Hydrogen Hydroxide 2 Na + Cl₂ →→→→ 2NaC.LT Sodium + Chlorine Sodium chloride Alkali metals + O₂ 4 Na + O₂ → 2NaO. Sadium + Oxygen → Salium ozide reaction with oxygen burns with a strongly red-tinged flame and produces a white solid strong orange flame and produces white solid Metal chloride large pieces produce lilac flame, smaller ones make solid immediately + Hydrogen Metal oxides reaction with water Fizzes steadily, gradually disappears Fizzes rapidly, melts into a ball and disappears quickly Ignites with sparks and a lilac flame, disappears very quickly reaction with chlorine white powder is produced and settles on the sides of the container burns with a bright yellow flame, clouds of white powder are produced and settle on the sides of the container reaction is even more vigorous than with sodium GROUP 1 halogens молодень? 19 F 19 35.5 Et 85 Br 35 127 H 53 210 At 185 DECREASES REACTIVITY MELTING + BOILING INCREASES POINT The halagens are non-metals + are. poisonous. They have similar reactions because they have 7 elections in their outer shell. They are diatomic FE CUCL Br Br II consist of 2 atoms When halogen atoms gain an election during reactions, they form 4 ions called HALIDE IONS. React with metals forming ionic compounds. React with non-metals to form covalent compounds. DISPLACEMENT BEACTION Involvers a more reactive halogen displace a less reactive halogen Cl₂ + 2kBr →2KCL + Br₂ chlorine + potassium → potassium, bromine bromide chloride Cl₂ + 2K1 chlorine + potassium iocide -2KCL + 1₂ → potassium + iodine. chloride The melting + boiling point increases down the group. due to increasing intermolecular forces as atoms become larger so more energy + force is required to overcome the forces.