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Chemical reactions aren't just about mixing substances together - they're... Show more
Ever wondered why some reactions happen instantly whilst others take ages? Rate of reaction measures how quickly reactants turn into products, and it's usually fastest at the start when you've got loads of reactant particles bumping into each other.
You can track reaction rates using graphs - a steep gradient means a faster reaction. Scientists often measure things like gas volume produced (like hydrogen from magnesium and sulfuric acid) or mass changes (like CO₂ escaping when calcium carbonate meets hydrochloric acid).
Here's the key bit: collision theory explains that particles must actually crash into each other with enough energy to react. This minimum energy needed is called activation energy - think of it as the energy barrier that breaks bonds so atoms can rearrange into new substances.
Four main factors speed up reactions: higher concentration (more particles in the same space), increased pressure (particles squashed closer together), higher temperature (particles moving faster with more energy), and greater surface area (more space for collisions). Catalysts also help by lowering the activation energy, and enzymes are just biological catalysts that do the same job in living things.
Quick Tip: Remember that catalysts don't change the products or get used up - they just make reactions happen faster!
Testing reaction rates in the lab is actually quite straightforward, and you'll likely do these experiments yourself. There are two main approaches that give you clear, measurable results.
For gas production experiments, you'd typically add 50cm³ of dilute HCl to calcium carbonate, then record how long it takes to produce every 10cm³ of gas in a syringe. By repeating this with different HCl concentrations or temperatures, you can see exactly how these factors affect reaction speed.
The colour change method is brilliant for reactions like sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid. You place the flask over a cross marked on paper, mix the chemicals, then time how long it takes for the cross to disappear as the solution becomes cloudy. Different temperatures give you different times, showing the effect of heat on reaction rates.
Both methods are reliable ways to gather data about reaction rates, and the results always support what collision theory predicts about concentration, temperature, and other factors.
Lab Success: These experiments are favourites in exams, so understanding the procedures and what they measure will definitely boost your marks!
Chemical reactions don't just rearrange atoms - they're constantly absorbing and releasing energy, which you can actually measure and predict. Understanding this energy flow is crucial for grasping how reactions work.
Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings (think hand warmers or combustion), whilst endothermic reactions absorb energy from around them (like instant cold packs). You can spot these changes by measuring temperature - neutralisation and displacement reactions are always exothermic.
The energy story comes down to bond breaking (which requires energy input) versus bond making (which releases energy). If more energy comes out from making new bonds than went in to break the old ones, you get an exothermic reaction with a negative energy change.
Reaction profiles show this beautifully on graphs. For exothermic reactions, products sit lower than reactants on the energy scale. For endothermic ones, products are higher up. Both types still need that initial activation energy push to get the reaction started - like pushing a boulder over a hill.
Energy Insight: Think of activation energy as the initial effort needed to start something that might then release loads of energy - like striking a match!
You can actually calculate exactly how much energy a reaction will absorb or release by looking at the bond energies involved. This gives you the power to predict whether reactions will be exothermic or endothermic before you even try them.
Bond energy is the energy needed to break one mole of a particular covalent bond. To calculate energy changes, you work out the total energy needed to break all the bonds in your reactants, then subtract the total energy released when forming all the new bonds in your products.
Here's the method: Energy IN (breaking bonds) minus Energy OUT (making bonds) equals your overall energy change. Using methane burning as an example: breaking C-H and O=O bonds needs 2648 kJ/mol, but making C=O and O-H bonds releases 3466 kJ/mol. So 2648 - 3466 = -818 kJ/mol.
The negative result tells you this is exothermic (releases energy), whilst a positive result would mean endothermic (absorbs energy). This calculation method works for any reaction where you know the bond energies involved.
Calculation Tip: Remember the sign! Negative means exothermic (energy released), positive means endothermic (energy absorbed).
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Chemical reactions aren't just about mixing substances together - they're all about speed, energy, and understanding what makes reactions tick. This chapter covers how fast reactions happen, what affects their speed, and whether they release or absorb energy.
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Ever wondered why some reactions happen instantly whilst others take ages? Rate of reaction measures how quickly reactants turn into products, and it's usually fastest at the start when you've got loads of reactant particles bumping into each other.
You can track reaction rates using graphs - a steep gradient means a faster reaction. Scientists often measure things like gas volume produced (like hydrogen from magnesium and sulfuric acid) or mass changes (like CO₂ escaping when calcium carbonate meets hydrochloric acid).
Here's the key bit: collision theory explains that particles must actually crash into each other with enough energy to react. This minimum energy needed is called activation energy - think of it as the energy barrier that breaks bonds so atoms can rearrange into new substances.
Four main factors speed up reactions: higher concentration (more particles in the same space), increased pressure (particles squashed closer together), higher temperature (particles moving faster with more energy), and greater surface area (more space for collisions). Catalysts also help by lowering the activation energy, and enzymes are just biological catalysts that do the same job in living things.
Quick Tip: Remember that catalysts don't change the products or get used up - they just make reactions happen faster!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Testing reaction rates in the lab is actually quite straightforward, and you'll likely do these experiments yourself. There are two main approaches that give you clear, measurable results.
For gas production experiments, you'd typically add 50cm³ of dilute HCl to calcium carbonate, then record how long it takes to produce every 10cm³ of gas in a syringe. By repeating this with different HCl concentrations or temperatures, you can see exactly how these factors affect reaction speed.
The colour change method is brilliant for reactions like sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid. You place the flask over a cross marked on paper, mix the chemicals, then time how long it takes for the cross to disappear as the solution becomes cloudy. Different temperatures give you different times, showing the effect of heat on reaction rates.
Both methods are reliable ways to gather data about reaction rates, and the results always support what collision theory predicts about concentration, temperature, and other factors.
Lab Success: These experiments are favourites in exams, so understanding the procedures and what they measure will definitely boost your marks!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chemical reactions don't just rearrange atoms - they're constantly absorbing and releasing energy, which you can actually measure and predict. Understanding this energy flow is crucial for grasping how reactions work.
Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings (think hand warmers or combustion), whilst endothermic reactions absorb energy from around them (like instant cold packs). You can spot these changes by measuring temperature - neutralisation and displacement reactions are always exothermic.
The energy story comes down to bond breaking (which requires energy input) versus bond making (which releases energy). If more energy comes out from making new bonds than went in to break the old ones, you get an exothermic reaction with a negative energy change.
Reaction profiles show this beautifully on graphs. For exothermic reactions, products sit lower than reactants on the energy scale. For endothermic ones, products are higher up. Both types still need that initial activation energy push to get the reaction started - like pushing a boulder over a hill.
Energy Insight: Think of activation energy as the initial effort needed to start something that might then release loads of energy - like striking a match!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
You can actually calculate exactly how much energy a reaction will absorb or release by looking at the bond energies involved. This gives you the power to predict whether reactions will be exothermic or endothermic before you even try them.
Bond energy is the energy needed to break one mole of a particular covalent bond. To calculate energy changes, you work out the total energy needed to break all the bonds in your reactants, then subtract the total energy released when forming all the new bonds in your products.
Here's the method: Energy IN (breaking bonds) minus Energy OUT (making bonds) equals your overall energy change. Using methane burning as an example: breaking C-H and O=O bonds needs 2648 kJ/mol, but making C=O and O-H bonds releases 3466 kJ/mol. So 2648 - 3466 = -818 kJ/mol.
The negative result tells you this is exothermic (releases energy), whilst a positive result would mean endothermic (absorbs energy). This calculation method works for any reaction where you know the bond energies involved.
Calculation Tip: Remember the sign! Negative means exothermic (energy released), positive means endothermic (energy absorbed).
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology