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Human Organ Systems
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Nazi Germany and Holocaust 1933-1945
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257
•
25 Dec 2025
•
Nat
@womanb
Chemistry might seem overwhelming, but it's really just about understanding... Show more
Ever wonder why perfume spreads across a room or why ice melts? It's all about particle movement and state changes. Matter exists as solids, liquids, and gases, and particles are constantly moving between these states through processes like melting, evaporating, and condensing.
Diffusion is the key concept here - it's when particles naturally spread from areas where there's loads of them to areas where there aren't many. Think of it like people leaving a crowded room and spreading into an empty hallway.
You can actually test this using purple potassium permanganate crystals in water - watch them slowly spread throughout the liquid. The brilliant thing is that smaller particles always diffuse faster than larger ones, which explains why smells travel so quickly through air.
Quick Tip: Remember that diffusion happens faster in gases than liquids because gas particles have more energy to move about!
Solutions are everywhere - your morning tea, fizzy drinks, even seawater. A solution is simply a solute (the stuff being dissolved) mixed into a solvent (usually water). When you can't dissolve any more solute, you've got a saturated solution.
Solubility changes with temperature, and you can investigate this by heating ammonium chloride solutions at different temperatures, then evaporating the water to see how much solid remains.
Now for the really tiny stuff - atoms! Every atom has a nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge), with electrons (negative charge) whizzing around outside. The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons - like different versions of the same person. Relative atomic mass accounts for all these isotopes using a weighted average formula.
Remember: Elements are pure (one type of atom), compounds are chemically bonded together, and mixtures can be easily separated!
When you need to separate mixtures, chemistry gives you some brilliant tools. Filtration uses filter paper to catch insoluble solids whilst letting liquids pass through - perfect for separating sand from water.
Crystallisation works differently - you dissolve your mixture, filter it, then evaporate the solvent to leave behind pure crystals. It's like making salt from seawater!
Chromatography is probably the most visual technique. Draw a pencil line on filter paper, add ink spots, then dip it in water. Different dyes travel up the paper at different rates, creating colourful patterns. You can even calculate Rf values to identify substances.
For separating liquids, you've got two options. Simple distillation works when liquids have very different boiling points - the thermometer and condenser help you collect pure liquid as it evaporates and cools. Fractional distillation is more sophisticated, using a fractionating column to separate multiple liquids with closer boiling points, like separating crude oil into petrol and diesel.
Pro Tip: Choose your separation method based on what you're separating - solids from liquids, different liquids, or identifying unknown substances!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Nat
@womanb
Chemistry might seem overwhelming, but it's really just about understanding how tiny particles behave and interact around us every day. This guide covers the fundamental building blocks - from how particles move and change states, to separating mixtures and understanding... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wonder why perfume spreads across a room or why ice melts? It's all about particle movement and state changes. Matter exists as solids, liquids, and gases, and particles are constantly moving between these states through processes like melting, evaporating, and condensing.
Diffusion is the key concept here - it's when particles naturally spread from areas where there's loads of them to areas where there aren't many. Think of it like people leaving a crowded room and spreading into an empty hallway.
You can actually test this using purple potassium permanganate crystals in water - watch them slowly spread throughout the liquid. The brilliant thing is that smaller particles always diffuse faster than larger ones, which explains why smells travel so quickly through air.
Quick Tip: Remember that diffusion happens faster in gases than liquids because gas particles have more energy to move about!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Solutions are everywhere - your morning tea, fizzy drinks, even seawater. A solution is simply a solute (the stuff being dissolved) mixed into a solvent (usually water). When you can't dissolve any more solute, you've got a saturated solution.
Solubility changes with temperature, and you can investigate this by heating ammonium chloride solutions at different temperatures, then evaporating the water to see how much solid remains.
Now for the really tiny stuff - atoms! Every atom has a nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge), with electrons (negative charge) whizzing around outside. The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons - like different versions of the same person. Relative atomic mass accounts for all these isotopes using a weighted average formula.
Remember: Elements are pure (one type of atom), compounds are chemically bonded together, and mixtures can be easily separated!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When you need to separate mixtures, chemistry gives you some brilliant tools. Filtration uses filter paper to catch insoluble solids whilst letting liquids pass through - perfect for separating sand from water.
Crystallisation works differently - you dissolve your mixture, filter it, then evaporate the solvent to leave behind pure crystals. It's like making salt from seawater!
Chromatography is probably the most visual technique. Draw a pencil line on filter paper, add ink spots, then dip it in water. Different dyes travel up the paper at different rates, creating colourful patterns. You can even calculate Rf values to identify substances.
For separating liquids, you've got two options. Simple distillation works when liquids have very different boiling points - the thermometer and condenser help you collect pure liquid as it evaporates and cools. Fractional distillation is more sophisticated, using a fractionating column to separate multiple liquids with closer boiling points, like separating crude oil into petrol and diesel.
Pro Tip: Choose your separation method based on what you're separating - solids from liquids, different liquids, or identifying unknown substances!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Chemistry
English Literature
Biology
Sociology