Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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61
0
Judyta Kroszkiewicz
27/11/2025
Chemistry
chemistry paper 1 ocr gateway (c1,c2,c3) and practicals
870
•
27 Nov 2025
•
Judyta Kroszkiewicz
@judytakroszkiewicz_bwri
This chemistry course covers the fundamental building blocks of matter,... Show more
This chemistry paper focuses on three core areas that'll give you a solid foundation for understanding how matter works. You'll explore particles and their behaviour, learn about elements and compounds, and discover how chemical reactions actually happen.
The course also includes practical skills that you'll use in lab work and exams. These hands-on techniques are just as important as the theory because they show you how chemistry works in the real world.
Quick tip: Each section builds on the previous one, so make sure you understand particles before moving on to compounds and reactions.
States of matter behave differently because of how their particles move and attract each other. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions with strong attractions. Liquids have particles that move freely but stay close together, while gases have particles zooming around in straight lines with no attractions at all.
An atom is incredibly tiny - about 1×10⁻¹⁰m across! Inside each atom, you'll find protons (positive charge, mass of 1), neutrons (no charge, mass of 1), and electrons (negative charge, almost no mass). The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Scientists like Democritos, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr gradually discovered atomic structure over time. Bohr's model shows us that electrons live in shells around the nucleus, and they can only move in fixed orbits - they can't just exist anywhere they fancy.
Remember: Mass number = protons + neutrons, whilst atomic number = just the protons (which also equals electrons).
The periodic table is brilliantly organised - groups (vertical columns) tell you how many electrons are in the outer shell, whilst periods (horizontal rows) show how many electron shells an atom has. The first shell holds 2 electrons, and the second and third shells each hold 8.
Ionic bonding happens between metals and non-metals when electrons transfer from one atom to another. For example, sodium (2.8.1) gives its outer electron to chlorine (2.8.7), creating charged ions that attract each other. This typically occurs between groups 1-2 and groups 6-7.
Covalent bonds form when non-metals share electrons to complete their outer shells. Hydrogen gas (H₂) is a perfect example - two hydrogen atoms each contribute one electron to share. Metallic bonds give metals their high melting points and electrical conductivity, though pure metals are often mixed with other elements to create stronger alloys.
Key insight: The type of bonding determines the properties - ionic and metallic compounds have high melting points, whilst simple covalent compounds have low melting points.
Distillation separates liquid mixtures by using different boiling points. Simple distillation works for liquids with very different boiling points (like separating water from salt), whilst fractional distillation handles liquids with similar boiling points by using a fractionating column.
The process is straightforward: heat the mixture, collect the vapour in a condenser cooled by cold water, then gather the pure liquid in a beaker. The substance with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, leaving behind anything with higher boiling points.
Pure substances have specific melting and boiling points, which is how you can identify them. If you've got a mixture of more than one compound, these temperatures will be different from the pure substance values.
Lab tip: Always run cold water through the condenser to ensure proper condensation - hot water won't cool the vapour effectively.
Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids using filter paper in a funnel - the liquid passes through whilst the solid residue stays behind. Crystallisation gets soluble solids out of solutions by gently heating until crystals start forming, then cooling to let more crystals grow.
Chromatography separates mixtures by how far different substances travel up paper with a solvent. You calculate the Rf value using: distance travelled by solute ÷ distance travelled by solvent. Always draw your starting line in pencil (it won't dissolve) and don't let the solvent touch your sample spot directly.
Chemical formulas show the actual number of atoms in molecules (like CH₄ for methane), whilst empirical formulas give the simplest ratio of atoms. For example, C₄H₈Cl₂ has the empirical formula C₂H₄Cl.
Chromatography hack: Different substances travel different distances because they have varying attractions to the paper and solvent.
Conservation of mass means no matter disappears or appears during chemical reactions. If the mass seems to change, it's usually because gases are involved - mass increases when gas reactants from air join in, and decreases when gas products escape.
Moles help you count particles . Calculate moles using: mass in grams ÷ Mr (relative molecular mass). You can also work out concentration using: mass of solute ÷ volume of solution, or moles ÷ volume.
Remember that diatomic molecules like H₂, Cl₂, and O₂ always exist as pairs in nature. Chemical equations show reactants turning into products, and you'll need to balance them properly whilst using state symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) dissolved in water.
Limiting reactants: Reactions stop when one reactant runs out - this is your limiting reactant, whilst leftovers are called excess reactants.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Judyta Kroszkiewicz
@judytakroszkiewicz_bwri
This chemistry course covers the fundamental building blocks of matter, from tiny particles to complex chemical reactions. You'll master everything from atomic structure to practical lab techniques that chemists use every day.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This chemistry paper focuses on three core areas that'll give you a solid foundation for understanding how matter works. You'll explore particles and their behaviour, learn about elements and compounds, and discover how chemical reactions actually happen.
The course also includes practical skills that you'll use in lab work and exams. These hands-on techniques are just as important as the theory because they show you how chemistry works in the real world.
Quick tip: Each section builds on the previous one, so make sure you understand particles before moving on to compounds and reactions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
States of matter behave differently because of how their particles move and attract each other. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions with strong attractions. Liquids have particles that move freely but stay close together, while gases have particles zooming around in straight lines with no attractions at all.
An atom is incredibly tiny - about 1×10⁻¹⁰m across! Inside each atom, you'll find protons (positive charge, mass of 1), neutrons (no charge, mass of 1), and electrons (negative charge, almost no mass). The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Scientists like Democritos, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr gradually discovered atomic structure over time. Bohr's model shows us that electrons live in shells around the nucleus, and they can only move in fixed orbits - they can't just exist anywhere they fancy.
Remember: Mass number = protons + neutrons, whilst atomic number = just the protons (which also equals electrons).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The periodic table is brilliantly organised - groups (vertical columns) tell you how many electrons are in the outer shell, whilst periods (horizontal rows) show how many electron shells an atom has. The first shell holds 2 electrons, and the second and third shells each hold 8.
Ionic bonding happens between metals and non-metals when electrons transfer from one atom to another. For example, sodium (2.8.1) gives its outer electron to chlorine (2.8.7), creating charged ions that attract each other. This typically occurs between groups 1-2 and groups 6-7.
Covalent bonds form when non-metals share electrons to complete their outer shells. Hydrogen gas (H₂) is a perfect example - two hydrogen atoms each contribute one electron to share. Metallic bonds give metals their high melting points and electrical conductivity, though pure metals are often mixed with other elements to create stronger alloys.
Key insight: The type of bonding determines the properties - ionic and metallic compounds have high melting points, whilst simple covalent compounds have low melting points.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Distillation separates liquid mixtures by using different boiling points. Simple distillation works for liquids with very different boiling points (like separating water from salt), whilst fractional distillation handles liquids with similar boiling points by using a fractionating column.
The process is straightforward: heat the mixture, collect the vapour in a condenser cooled by cold water, then gather the pure liquid in a beaker. The substance with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, leaving behind anything with higher boiling points.
Pure substances have specific melting and boiling points, which is how you can identify them. If you've got a mixture of more than one compound, these temperatures will be different from the pure substance values.
Lab tip: Always run cold water through the condenser to ensure proper condensation - hot water won't cool the vapour effectively.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids using filter paper in a funnel - the liquid passes through whilst the solid residue stays behind. Crystallisation gets soluble solids out of solutions by gently heating until crystals start forming, then cooling to let more crystals grow.
Chromatography separates mixtures by how far different substances travel up paper with a solvent. You calculate the Rf value using: distance travelled by solute ÷ distance travelled by solvent. Always draw your starting line in pencil (it won't dissolve) and don't let the solvent touch your sample spot directly.
Chemical formulas show the actual number of atoms in molecules (like CH₄ for methane), whilst empirical formulas give the simplest ratio of atoms. For example, C₄H₈Cl₂ has the empirical formula C₂H₄Cl.
Chromatography hack: Different substances travel different distances because they have varying attractions to the paper and solvent.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Conservation of mass means no matter disappears or appears during chemical reactions. If the mass seems to change, it's usually because gases are involved - mass increases when gas reactants from air join in, and decreases when gas products escape.
Moles help you count particles . Calculate moles using: mass in grams ÷ Mr (relative molecular mass). You can also work out concentration using: mass of solute ÷ volume of solution, or moles ÷ volume.
Remember that diatomic molecules like H₂, Cl₂, and O₂ always exist as pairs in nature. Chemical equations show reactants turning into products, and you'll need to balance them properly whilst using state symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) dissolved in water.
Limiting reactants: Reactions stop when one reactant runs out - this is your limiting reactant, whilst leftovers are called excess reactants.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology