Metallic bonding consists of a regular pattern and giant structures of atoms 

How would you describe metallic bonding? 

Metals and alloys are different structurally because alloys have distorted layers rather than regular layers like metals 

What is the difference between a metal and an alloy (structurally)?

What are the three states of matter and their particle arrangement? 

The colour of an acid on the pH scale can range from red - orange - yellow 

What is the colour range of an acid on the pH scale? 

The colour of a neutral solution is green 

What is the colour of a neutral solution?

A strong acid completely ionises in (aq) solution 

A weak acid only partially ionises in (aq) solution

An electrolyte is an ionic compound that is molten or dissolved in water 

PANIC is an acronym meaning 'positive ions move to negative cathode, negative ions move to positive anode' (positive is anode, negative is cathode)

Are reactions at the cathode reduction or oxidation? 

Are reactions at the anode reduction or oxidation? 

An exothermic reaction is an energy transfer to the surroundings

An endothermic reaction is an energy transfer from the surroundings

Examples of an exothermic reaction include: combustion, neutralisation, and oxidation

What are examples of an exothermic reaction? 

Examples of an endothermic reaction include: thermal decomposition, electrolysis, and sport injury packs

What are examples of an endothermic reaction? 

If a bond energy calculation is negative, the reaction is exothermic because energy released during bond making is greater than energy needed to break existing bonds

If a bond energy calculation is negative, what type of reaction is it? 

You must always label the activation energy as the 'hump' on a bond energy diagram

What must you always label on a bond energy diagram as the 'hump'?

The problem with this type of modelling of the states of matter is there are no forces shown and all particles are represented as spheres

What is the problem with this type of modelling of the states of matter? 

Small molecules do not conduct electricity due to the molecules having no overall charge 

Why do small molecules not conduct electricity? 

Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces 

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are molten (or dissolved in water) because the ions are free to move

In what state do ionic compounds conduct electricity and why? 

Small molecules have low melting and boiling points

Do small molecules have high or low melting and boiling points? 

Because metals are arranged in layers, they are said to be malleable/soft

Because metals are arranged in layers, what are they said to be? 

Polymers are very large molecules; the atoms in polymer molecules are linked by strong covalent bonds 

Are polymers solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature? 

The relative formula mass of a substance is the mass of a mol of that substance

What is the relative formula mass of a substance? 

The correct order of the reactivity series of metals from most to least reactive: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, silver, gold, platinum

What is the correct order of the reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive? 

Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted by reduction (loss of oxygen)

How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted?

When metals react with oxygen, the process is called oxidation

What is the process called when metals react with oxygen? 

The salts produced when reacted with hydrochloric acid are metal chloride

What are the salts produced when you react them with hydrochloric acid? 

The salts produced when reacted with sulphuric acid are metal sulphate

What are the salts produced when you react them with sulphuric acid? 

The master equation for acid + metal carbonates is: acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide 

What is the master equation for acid + metal carbonates? 

The neutralisation equation is: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

The colour of an alkali on the pH scale can range from blue - purple

What is the colour range of an alkali on the pH scale? 

In small molecules, there are intermolecular forces

Which type of forces are involved in small molecules? 

The pH of an alkali can range from pH 8-14 

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong bonds and electrostatic forces 

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points? 

OILRIG is an acronym for 'oxidation is loss and reduction is gain' (of electrons)

What does OILRIG stand for (and of what)?

Ionic compounds form a giant ionic lattice 

The master REDOX equation is: acid + metal → salt + hydrogen 

The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are strong

Are the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules strong or weak? 

The salts produced when reacted with nitric acid are metal nitrate

What are the salts produced when you react them with nitric acid? 

Metals have delocalised electrons that are free to move through the whole structure which enable the flow of electricity 

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