Page 3: Acid-Base Titrations

This page focuses on acid-base titrations involving citric acid and sodium hydroxide:

• Students must describe a method to accurately measure solid citric acid
• A calculation of citric acid concentration is required based on given mass and volume
• The balanced equation for the reaction between citric acid and sodium hydroxide is provided

Vocabulary: Titration - a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.

Example: C₆H₈O₇(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Na₃C₆H₅O₇(aq) + 3H₂O(l)

Page 4: Titration Procedure Analysis

This page presents a titration procedure and asks students to:

• Identify three mistakes in the given method
• Explain why each is a mistake
• Suggest how to overcome each mistake

Highlight: This question tests students' understanding of proper titration techniques and their ability to critically analyze experimental procedures.

Page 8: Intermolecular Forces

This page focuses on intermolecular forces, particularly hydrogen bonding:

• Students must complete a diagram showing hydrogen bonding between ammonia and ethanol
• The concept of electronegativity is addressed
• Students must identify the most polar bond based on given electronegativity values

Definition: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a chemical bond to attract electrons to itself.

Vocabulary: Hydrogen bond - a strong intermolecular force between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another highly electronegative atom.

Page 9: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

This page continues the discussion on polarity and intermolecular forces:

• Students must explain why CBr₄ is not a polar molecule despite having polar C-Br bonds
• The question begins to address intermolecular forces between molecules

Highlight: Understanding the relationship between molecular structure, polarity, and intermolecular forces is crucial for this section.