compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only

a finite resource, it is found in the earth’s crust

the remains of organisms that lived and died millions of years ago - mainly plankton which was buried in mud

solvents, lubricants, detergents, fuels such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases, and feedstock for the petrochemical industry. A feedstock is a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction. A petrochemical is a substance made from crude oil using chemical reactions. 

they have the same general formula, they differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds, show a gradual variation in physical properties like boiling points, have similar chemical properties.

what are the characteristics of the alkanes’ homologous series?

CnH2n+2 (n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule)

what is the general formula for the alkanes?

what are the names for the first 4 alkanes?

to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures

what is fractional distillation used for?

heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column which is hot at the bottom and gets cooler towards the top, vapours from the oil rise through the column, vapours condense when they become cool enough, liquids are led out of the column at different heights.

what is the process for the fractional distillation of crude oil?

small hydrocarbon molecules have weak intermolecular forces, so they have low boiling points. They do not condense but leave the column as gases. Long hydrocarbon molecules have stronger intermolecular forces, so they have high boiling points. They leave the column as hot liquid bitumen

what is the relationship between hydrocarbon molecules and intermolecular forces?

Liquefield petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, heavy fuel oil & bitumen

a mixture of hydrocarbons, they are mostly alkanes

what does each crude oil fraction contain?

it happens when there is a good suppl of air. Carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen in an exothermic reaction. Carbon dioxide and water are produced, the maximum amount of energy is given out. In a Bunsen burner, this occurs when the air hole is fully open

what happens during complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

it happens when the supply of air or oxygen is poor. Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced. Less energy is released than during complete combustion. In a Bunsen burner, this occurs when the air hole is closed

what happens during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

a reaction when larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules. For example, hexane can be cracked to form butane and ethene

word equation:                     hexane → butane + ethene
symbol equation:
C6H14 → C4H10 + C2H4

what is the symbol and wors equation for the cracking of hexane to form butane and ethene?

what are 2 methods which can be used for cracking?

uses a temperature of approximately 550 degrees celsius and a catalyst known as zeolite which contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide

uses a higher temperature of 850 degrees celcius and no catalyst

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Basic knowledge in order to answer exam questions & understand the topic :)

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basic knowledge in order to answer exam questions & understand the topic :)

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 c6 - organic chemistry 

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AP Chemistry

 C6 - organic chemistry 

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C6 Organic Chemistry Exam Questions and Answers PDF - GCSE & A Level

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Chemistry paper 1 (part 1 to my flash cards)

C6 Organic Chemistry Exam Questions and Answers PDF - GCSE & A Level

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Chemistry paper 1 (part 1 to my flash cards)