Chemical Fundamentals and Nanotechnology

The first page covers essential chemistry concepts, beginning with chemical bonds and extending to advanced topics in nanoscience. The content explores atomic structure, different types of chemical bonds, and the practical applications of nanoparticles in modern technology.

Definition: Chemical compounds are substances containing two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions, held together by chemical bonds.

Vocabulary: The Avogadro constant (6.02 x 10²³) represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Example: For calculating relative formula mass (mr) of HCl: mr = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5

Highlight: Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties different from bulk materials due to their high surface area to volume ratio.

Quote: "Carbon nanotubes can be used in nanotechnology, electronics, lubricants, drug delivery and to strengthen materials."

The page elaborates on three main types of chemical bonds:

1. Ionic bonding - characterized by strong forces of attraction
2. Covalent bonding - formed between non-metals sharing electron pairs
3. Metallic bonding - featuring positively charged metal ions in regular layers

The section on nanoscience introduces particles between 1-100 nanometers, emphasizing their special properties and applications in various fields, while also noting potential health risks, particularly regarding brain exposure through bloodstream contact.