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All organic mechanisms alevel
02/01/2024
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mechanism reagents condihons Secondary/tertiary amines. their salts and quaternary ammonium salis Primary amine esterification dilute H₂SON catalyst. H₂O. HUR or dilute NaOH HUR R ester carboxylic ↑ reduction LiALH4. hear under reflux nucleopaillic substitution KCN (aq) ethanol dilute. H₂SO4 dilute acid hydrolysis alcohol. CH₂SO4 catalyst heat ammonia not primary 2+4₂0 +H/CL heat under hydrolysis neat halogenoalkenes H₂O nucleophillic, Substitution warm NaOH(aq) heat under reflux Nitrile Oxidation k.Cr.O hear under reflux Primary alcohols only 20°C alcohol 20°C Alkane halogenoalkane free radical substitution X₂ TUV light Primary amide elimination KOH Bethanol reflux NH3 20°C electropnillic addition HX 20°C nucleophillic Substitution NaOHor KOH heating under гених nucleophillic addition (reduction) Nabtlu in water Nith mekanol acy! Chloride acid annydride A Aldehyde ketone electrophillic addition (hydration) H₂POn catalyst Steam,300 60 atm or H₂O.H₂SO cakayst Alcohol Oxidation /k₂Cr₂O7. H₂SO₂ /heat in distillanon apparatus / not tertiary alcohors This is the test for unsaturation 20°C nucleophillic addition KCN cao) amine dibromoalkane 20°C ^ Br₂ Alkene reflux H₂SO4 20°C concentrated H₂SO4 (catalyst) /dehydration heat under hydroxynitrile N-Substituted amide Electrophillic Addition Alkene H H C=C "Brd+ SBN- Alkene H H Alkene H3C H T halogenoalkane H3CCC H (with bromine ) H H L T -H CIC t · halogenoalkane (with sulfuric acid) H H --------------- →H3CC-C-H H OSOLOH H FI Bri Br —C=C1 CH3 SHOT SB- rizC — С > ·halogenoalkane (with hydrogen bromide) H H Br 4-6 Н — С Br Br H H3C C-CH3 I H C OSO₂OF H C H H3C H - HIC с H Br FL 1 C-CH3 H Elimination halogenoalkane 1 CH3 C CH Br Alcohol H3C H Н. H I с The H comes O from the cH₂O₂ or CH₂PO4 H 1 H T H+" HOH → Alkene - CH3 H H* alkene H (with ethanolic hydroxide ions) Acid catalysed addition mechanism ethene → alcohol H H I I → CH3-C C- H H The Ht comes from the CH3PO4 (acid catalysed elimination) H I > H13C - C Sot 1 H (hydration) H 1 CH3 -H H → H -CC-H | H O H H + Br + H₂O - H + H-UI Н - C H I C H Н – С = С H I--I - CH3 - - C- HICII CH3 +||+ H 1 CHI H 70 - H HC- HIUIO-1 (catalyst regenerated) C 0 - H + H* free radical substitution. alkane Initiation: conditions - UV light Brz •2 Br• Propegation: CH3CHS + Br CH3 CH₂ + Br₂ Termination: CH3 CH₂ + Br CH3 CH₂ + CH3CH₂ HO: H halogenoalkane NC: halogenoalkane H 1st H3C с nucleophillic substitution halogenoalkane → alcohol (with aqueous hydroxide ions) H H Ist H3CC-Br H 8- > HBr + CH3CH₂ J- → CH3 CH₂ Br + Br• CH3 CH₂ Br (with bromine) → CH3 CH₂ CH₂ CH3 H3C → nitrile - с H HIC OH H₂CC-CN 1 I + Br +:Br nucleophillic substitution halogenoalkane H 1 H3C 3HN: ₂C T H3C halogenoalkane H₂CC 1 H CHỊCHÍNH - CH₂ CH3 H H3C halogenoalkane H _C T H H₂CC Br halogenoalkane H H NHCHI CH3 fBr Br - for H 1 с | H -3-3 №t1₂ Z₁ primary amine не H 1 H3C- C 1 H seconda amine H3C - CHÍNH CHO CH3 1 HNH3 AN H3 I H CH₂ - CH₂ -N-CH₂-Ctis terriary amine CH3 CH₂ -NH₂ H₂ HỌC CHÍNH CH-CH3 ++ CH3-CH₂-N-CH₂ - CH3 21 → H3C - C -NH₂ 1 H -:NH¹3 CH3 CH₂ L → H13C-CH₂-NH-CH₂ - CH3 + Br →quaternary ammonium Salt CH3 + сно →...
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Alternative transcript:
H3C- CH₂ - № I CH₂ 1 CH3 H - Br → H3C-CH2NHCHCH3 diernyl amine CH₂ - CH3 + NH4 Br CH 3 CHI₂ | → H3 C- CH₂ - N - CH₂ - CH3 friernyl amine tetra ethyl ammonium ion + NH4Br nucleophillic addition ketone H₂C ketone H3C O= → alcohol H acyl chloride CH3- H3 C C+ H OH ac41 chloride CHIS nucleophillic addition - elimination ,:CN CH3 CL cyanohydrin (??) u "'"F²" →> H13C- C- CH3 I •:OCH₂ CH₂ 1 H ester H 0: → carboxylic acid H₂CC-CH3 1 CN H3C с 'H* H3C - C CL from sulfuric acid HI from water or weak acid -6 H Je-l CH3 → H3C CH₂CH3 H3C 0-0-3 0 - H O-H I -C | H C CHS CN H3C C 11 с OH CH3 OCH₂CH3 nucleophillic addition - elimination acyl chloride CH3 NH3 acyl chloride CH3 benzene ∙C NHCH₂CH3 H CL electrophillic substitution benzene 1° amide NO₂ H+ + HSO₂ →2 amide →nitrobenzene H₂C C -CH3 equation for the formation of an electrophile: HNO3 +21₂50μ → NO₂™ + 2150₂ + H30 →H3C- C H₂SO4 :0⁰ + -NO₂ equation for the formation of the electrophile AICI3+ CH3COC CH3CO AICLE Ⓒ C₁ H H benzene carboxylic acid NH₂ NHCH₂CH3 H 0=ú کوچ H -CH3 H₂C 01C 0 с H3C -NO₂ +H* NH₂ с O NHCH2CH3 -CH3 Aromatic Synthetic routes acyl chloride in the Presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst electrophillic Substitution V NaBtlu red electrophillic Substitution conc nitric acid + conc sulguric acid = O CH3 nucleophillic addition nucleophillic addition -CH CH3COH + Hesou heat esterification NOEN + H₂SO4 CH13 H3C-CH-O-C- CH13 NO₂ reduction V Sn and HCL -C-CN Li Alty reduchon CH3 OH C-CH, NH СН3 nucleolic substitution CH3CL NH ₂ nucleophillic addinion-eliminanan CH₂ COU -NFI -CHIB NH. @mi CH3