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8 Jul 2022

5 pages

Understanding Alkene Electrophilic Addition Reactions and Unsymmetrical Alkenes

user profile picture

Gem

@harrypotterrfan1

Alkene electrophilic addition reactionsare fundamental processes in organic chemistry... Show more

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Understanding Alkenes and Their Chemical Properties

Alkenes represent a fundamental class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond C=CC=C. These unsaturated hydrocarbons play a crucial role in organic chemistry and industrial applications. The double bond consists of one sigma σσ bond and one pi ππ bond, creating an electron-rich region that defines alkene reactivity.

The presence of the C=C double bond gives alkenes their distinctive chemical properties. These molecules are unsaturated, meaning they can form additional bonds through addition reactions. The electron density concentrated in the double bond makes alkenes particularly reactive compared to their saturated counterparts, alkanes.

A classic test for identifying alkenes involves their reaction with bromine water. When an alkene is added to orange-colored bromine water, the solution becomes colorless as the bromine molecules react with the double bond. This decolorization serves as a reliable diagnostic test for unsaturation.

Definition: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, making them more reactive than alkanes due to their electron-rich nature.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Alkene Electrophilic Addition Reactions Explained

Electrophilic addition represents one of the most important reaction types for alkenes. These reactions occur when electron-seeking species electrophileselectrophiles attack the electron-rich double bond. The process typically proceeds in two distinct steps, demonstrating the fundamental principles of organic reaction mechanisms.

During the first step, the electrophile approaches the π bond, attracted by its high electron density. This interaction breaks the π bond, forming a carbocation intermediate. The second step involves the nucleophilic attack on this carbocation, completing the addition reaction.

The mechanism showcases how the initial electron-rich double bond transforms into a single bond with two new substituents. This process forms the basis for many industrial processes and synthetic pathways in organic chemistry.

Example: In the bromination of ethene, the Br-Br molecule acts as the electrophile, leading to the formation of 1,2-dibromoethane through a two-step mechanism.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

How to Identify Unsymmetrical Alkenes

Understanding unsymmetrical alkenes requires knowledge of carbocation stability patterns. When addition reactions occur with unsymmetrical alkenes, the product distribution depends on the relative stability of possible carbocation intermediates.

Carbocation stability increases in the order: primary < secondary < tertiary. This hierarchy stems from the electron-donating effects of alkyl groups, which help stabilize the positive charge. In unsymmetrical alkenes, the more stable carbocation pathway typically leads to the major product.

The formation of products follows Markovnikov's rule, which predicts that the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms already attached, while the electrophilic group adds to the more substituted carbon.

Highlight: The stability order of carbocations tertiary>secondary>primarytertiary > secondary > primary determines the major products in electrophilic addition reactions of unsymmetrical alkenes.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Properties and Applications of Addition Polymers

Addition polymers derive from alkene monomers through polymerization reactions. This process harnesses the reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond to create long chains of repeating units, forming materials with diverse properties and applications.

The physical and chemical properties of addition polymers depend on the structure of the original alkene monomer and the polymerization conditions. Factors such as chain length, branching, and intermolecular forces determine characteristics like strength, flexibility, and melting point.

These materials find extensive use in everyday applications, from packaging materials to construction products. Understanding the relationship between monomer structure and polymer properties enables scientists to design materials with specific characteristics for targeted applications.

Vocabulary: Polymerization is the process where many small molecules monomersmonomers combine to form a large molecule polymerpolymer through chemical bonding.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Understanding Addition Polymers and Their Applications

Properties and applications of addition polymers are fundamental concepts in organic chemistry that explain how simple molecules combine to form larger, more complex structures. Addition polymers begin with alkene monomers, which are molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds. These double bonds can break open and join together in a chain reaction process called addition polymerization.

The formation of addition polymers starts with ethene monomers, which contain a carbon-carbon double bond. During polymerization, these double bonds break and allow the molecules to link together, forming long chains of repeating units. The resulting polymer chain has a non-polar backbone made entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds, making it chemically inert and resistant to many forms of degradation. This chemical stability is what makes addition polymers so valuable in various applications.

Definition: Addition polymers are long-chain molecules formed when many small molecules monomersmonomers join together through addition reactions, typically involving the opening of carbon-carbon double bonds.

One of the most important commercial addition polymers is polyvinyl chloride PVCPVC, which is formed from chloroethene monomers. PVC has unique properties that make it particularly useful in construction and manufacturing. In its unmodified form, PVC is rigid and durable, making it ideal for applications like drain pipes and window frames. However, its properties can be modified through the use of plasticizers - chemical additives that increase flexibility by inserting themselves between polymer chains.

The physical properties of addition polymers depend largely on their molecular structure. Polymers with longer chains and fewer branches exhibit stronger intermolecular forces, resulting in materials that are both stronger and more rigid. This relationship between structure and properties allows chemists to design polymers with specific characteristics for particular applications. For example, plasticized PVC, which is more flexible than standard PVC, finds applications in clothing and flooring tiles.

Example: When ethene monomers C2H4C₂H₄ undergo addition polymerization, they form polyetheneethene, commonly known as polyethylene. The process can be represented as: nCH₂=CH₂ → CH2CH2-CH₂-CH₂-n where n represents the number of repeating units in the polymer chain.



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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Chemistry

97

8 Jul 2022

5 pages

Understanding Alkene Electrophilic Addition Reactions and Unsymmetrical Alkenes

user profile picture

Gem

@harrypotterrfan1

Alkene electrophilic addition reactionsare fundamental processes in organic chemistry where molecules add across carbon-carbon double bonds. These reactions occur when electron-rich alkenes interact with electrophiles (electron-seeking species), leading to the formation of new single bonds and more complex organic... Show more

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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Understanding Alkenes and Their Chemical Properties

Alkenes represent a fundamental class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond C=CC=C. These unsaturated hydrocarbons play a crucial role in organic chemistry and industrial applications. The double bond consists of one sigma σσ bond and one pi ππ bond, creating an electron-rich region that defines alkene reactivity.

The presence of the C=C double bond gives alkenes their distinctive chemical properties. These molecules are unsaturated, meaning they can form additional bonds through addition reactions. The electron density concentrated in the double bond makes alkenes particularly reactive compared to their saturated counterparts, alkanes.

A classic test for identifying alkenes involves their reaction with bromine water. When an alkene is added to orange-colored bromine water, the solution becomes colorless as the bromine molecules react with the double bond. This decolorization serves as a reliable diagnostic test for unsaturation.

Definition: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, making them more reactive than alkanes due to their electron-rich nature.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Alkene Electrophilic Addition Reactions Explained

Electrophilic addition represents one of the most important reaction types for alkenes. These reactions occur when electron-seeking species electrophileselectrophiles attack the electron-rich double bond. The process typically proceeds in two distinct steps, demonstrating the fundamental principles of organic reaction mechanisms.

During the first step, the electrophile approaches the π bond, attracted by its high electron density. This interaction breaks the π bond, forming a carbocation intermediate. The second step involves the nucleophilic attack on this carbocation, completing the addition reaction.

The mechanism showcases how the initial electron-rich double bond transforms into a single bond with two new substituents. This process forms the basis for many industrial processes and synthetic pathways in organic chemistry.

Example: In the bromination of ethene, the Br-Br molecule acts as the electrophile, leading to the formation of 1,2-dibromoethane through a two-step mechanism.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

How to Identify Unsymmetrical Alkenes

Understanding unsymmetrical alkenes requires knowledge of carbocation stability patterns. When addition reactions occur with unsymmetrical alkenes, the product distribution depends on the relative stability of possible carbocation intermediates.

Carbocation stability increases in the order: primary < secondary < tertiary. This hierarchy stems from the electron-donating effects of alkyl groups, which help stabilize the positive charge. In unsymmetrical alkenes, the more stable carbocation pathway typically leads to the major product.

The formation of products follows Markovnikov's rule, which predicts that the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms already attached, while the electrophilic group adds to the more substituted carbon.

Highlight: The stability order of carbocations tertiary>secondary>primarytertiary > secondary > primary determines the major products in electrophilic addition reactions of unsymmetrical alkenes.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Properties and Applications of Addition Polymers

Addition polymers derive from alkene monomers through polymerization reactions. This process harnesses the reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond to create long chains of repeating units, forming materials with diverse properties and applications.

The physical and chemical properties of addition polymers depend on the structure of the original alkene monomer and the polymerization conditions. Factors such as chain length, branching, and intermolecular forces determine characteristics like strength, flexibility, and melting point.

These materials find extensive use in everyday applications, from packaging materials to construction products. Understanding the relationship between monomer structure and polymer properties enables scientists to design materials with specific characteristics for targeted applications.

Vocabulary: Polymerization is the process where many small molecules monomersmonomers combine to form a large molecule polymerpolymer through chemical bonding.

Alkenes What's an
alkene?
SHAKE->>>>
Akenes molecules have at least one C=C double covalent bond
• Alkenes are unsaturated and can make more

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Understanding Addition Polymers and Their Applications

Properties and applications of addition polymers are fundamental concepts in organic chemistry that explain how simple molecules combine to form larger, more complex structures. Addition polymers begin with alkene monomers, which are molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds. These double bonds can break open and join together in a chain reaction process called addition polymerization.

The formation of addition polymers starts with ethene monomers, which contain a carbon-carbon double bond. During polymerization, these double bonds break and allow the molecules to link together, forming long chains of repeating units. The resulting polymer chain has a non-polar backbone made entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds, making it chemically inert and resistant to many forms of degradation. This chemical stability is what makes addition polymers so valuable in various applications.

Definition: Addition polymers are long-chain molecules formed when many small molecules monomersmonomers join together through addition reactions, typically involving the opening of carbon-carbon double bonds.

One of the most important commercial addition polymers is polyvinyl chloride PVCPVC, which is formed from chloroethene monomers. PVC has unique properties that make it particularly useful in construction and manufacturing. In its unmodified form, PVC is rigid and durable, making it ideal for applications like drain pipes and window frames. However, its properties can be modified through the use of plasticizers - chemical additives that increase flexibility by inserting themselves between polymer chains.

The physical properties of addition polymers depend largely on their molecular structure. Polymers with longer chains and fewer branches exhibit stronger intermolecular forces, resulting in materials that are both stronger and more rigid. This relationship between structure and properties allows chemists to design polymers with specific characteristics for particular applications. For example, plasticized PVC, which is more flexible than standard PVC, finds applications in clothing and flooring tiles.

Example: When ethene monomers C2H4C₂H₄ undergo addition polymerization, they form polyetheneethene, commonly known as polyethylene. The process can be represented as: nCH₂=CH₂ → CH2CH2-CH₂-CH₂-n where n represents the number of repeating units in the polymer chain.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user