Ever wondered why petrol prices can skyrocket without people driving...
Business180 views·Updated 4 Sept 2026·2 pagesUnderstanding Price and Income Elasticity of Demand for AQA A-Level
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Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)
Price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded changes when prices shift. The formula is simple: percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price. This helps businesses predict what happens to sales when they adjust their prices.
Elastic demand (PED > 1) means customers are very price-sensitive. Think designer clothes or holidays - bump up the price and sales plummet. These are usually luxury items that people can easily live without.
Inelastic demand (PED < 1) is the opposite. Petrol, milk, and medicine fall into this category because people need them regardless of price increases. Businesses love inelastic products because they can raise prices without losing many customers.
Quick tip: Remember PANTS to identify factors affecting PED - Proportion of income, Addictiveness, Necessity, Time, and Substitutes available.
The sweet spot is unit elastic demand , where a 10% price rise causes exactly 10% fewer sales. Airlines often use elastic pricing - they'll slash ticket prices to fill seats because even small price cuts can dramatically boost demand.
2
of 2
Income Elasticity of Demand (YED)
Income elasticity of demand shows how spending patterns change when people's incomes rise or fall. It's calculated as percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in income. This concept helps businesses understand how economic conditions affect their sales.
Positive YED means demand increases with income. Luxury items like Tesla cars or designer goods have high income elasticity - when people earn more, they splurge on these products. Basic necessities like bread have low positive YED because you can't eat much more bread just because you're richer.
Negative YED applies to inferior goods that people abandon when they can afford better alternatives. Instant noodles, value supermarket brands, and bus travel often see demand drop as incomes rise because people upgrade to fresh food, premium brands, or cars.
Business insight: Companies selling luxury goods should expect huge sales swings during economic booms and recessions, while necessity providers enjoy more stable demand.
Smart businesses use YED data to plan inventory and marketing strategies. During recessions, luxury brands might focus on their most affordable products, while value brands could see unexpected sales boosts.
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Business180 views·Updated 4 Sept 2026·2 pagesUnderstanding Price and Income Elasticity of Demand for AQA A-Level
amelie@106amelie
Ever wondered why petrol prices can skyrocket without people driving much less, but cinema ticket prices need to stay competitive? It's all about elasticity - how sensitive consumers are to price and income changes. Understanding these concepts helps explain business...
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of 2
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Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)
Price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded changes when prices shift. The formula is simple: percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price. This helps businesses predict what happens to sales when they adjust their prices.
Elastic demand (PED > 1) means customers are very price-sensitive. Think designer clothes or holidays - bump up the price and sales plummet. These are usually luxury items that people can easily live without.
Inelastic demand (PED < 1) is the opposite. Petrol, milk, and medicine fall into this category because people need them regardless of price increases. Businesses love inelastic products because they can raise prices without losing many customers.
Quick tip: Remember PANTS to identify factors affecting PED - Proportion of income, Addictiveness, Necessity, Time, and Substitutes available.
The sweet spot is unit elastic demand , where a 10% price rise causes exactly 10% fewer sales. Airlines often use elastic pricing - they'll slash ticket prices to fill seats because even small price cuts can dramatically boost demand.
2
of 2Sign up to see the content. It's free!
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Income Elasticity of Demand (YED)
Income elasticity of demand shows how spending patterns change when people's incomes rise or fall. It's calculated as percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in income. This concept helps businesses understand how economic conditions affect their sales.
Positive YED means demand increases with income. Luxury items like Tesla cars or designer goods have high income elasticity - when people earn more, they splurge on these products. Basic necessities like bread have low positive YED because you can't eat much more bread just because you're richer.
Negative YED applies to inferior goods that people abandon when they can afford better alternatives. Instant noodles, value supermarket brands, and bus travel often see demand drop as incomes rise because people upgrade to fresh food, premium brands, or cars.
Business insight: Companies selling luxury goods should expect huge sales swings during economic booms and recessions, while necessity providers enjoy more stable demand.
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