Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Business
4 Dec 2025
197
5 pages
Maddox @maddoxp
Budgets are basically your business's financial roadmap - they help you plan where your money's coming from and... Show more
Every successful business needs a financial plan to survive, and that's exactly what a budget is. It's like having a crystal ball that helps you predict your income, spending, and profits for upcoming months or years.
Budgets serve three main purposes that keep businesses on track. They help control spending (no more impulse purchases!), allow managers to spot problems before they become disasters, and give everyone clear targets to aim for.
The magic happens when businesses use budgets to anticipate challenges and prepare solutions in advance. Instead of panicking when sales drop, smart managers already have backup plans ready to go.
Quick Tip Think of budgets as your business sat nav - they show you the route to your destination and warn you about traffic jams ahead!
Sales budgets are all about the money coming in - they predict how much revenue a business expects to earn. It's like estimating how much pocket money you'll get over the next few months.
Expenditure budgets track the money flowing out, covering everything from raw materials to staff wages. Think of it as planning your monthly expenses before you actually spend anything.
Profit budgets show the bottom line - what's left after all expenses are paid. This is where businesses find out if they're actually making money or just breaking even.
Variance calculations compare what actually happened versus what was planned. The formula is simple Actual figure minus budgeted figure equals your variance.
Remember A variance just means the difference between what you planned and what actually happened - it's not always bad news!
Favourable variances are the good news stories - they mean things went better than expected. Higher income than planned, lower costs than budgeted, or bigger profits than anticipated all count as wins.
Adverse variances signal trouble - they show where reality fell short of expectations. Lower sales, higher costs, or reduced profits all fall into this category and need immediate attention.
Looking at the examples, January shows mixed results with higher sales (good!) but increased material costs (not so good). February's picture looks more concerning with falling sales and rising costs hitting profits hard.
The key skill is interpreting what these numbers actually mean for the business. A small adverse variance might not matter, but consistent patterns definitely need investigating.
Pro Tip Don't panic over one month's adverse variance - look for patterns over several months to spot real problems!
External factors can completely derail your carefully planned budget through no fault of your own. Competitors might slash prices, suppliers could increase costs, or economic changes like interest rate rises can impact your bottom line.
Internal issues often come down to poor management or decision-making. Demotivated staff, inefficient processes, or switching suppliers mid-year can all create unexpected variances in your budget.
Setting accurate budgets presents its own challenges, especially for new businesses with no historical data. It's tough to predict sales when you've never sold anything before, and unexpected changes can make even experienced managers look foolish.
The whole process also costs time and money to create - some small businesses question whether detailed budgeting is worth the effort involved.
Reality Check Even the best budgets won't be 100% accurate - the goal is getting close enough to make informed decisions!
Zero-based budgeting flips traditional budgeting on its head by starting every department at zero pounds. Instead of adding a bit to last year's budget, employees must justify every penny they're requesting.
This approach forces managers to really think about what they need rather than just asking for more money out of habit. It can reveal wasteful spending that's been hidden for years in traditional budgets.
The Del Rio Pizzeria case study shows real-world budget analysis in action. Despite lower pizza sales creating a £7,000 adverse variance, higher drink sales and reduced material costs helped offset some losses.
Analysing the overall picture reveals the restaurant's main problems falling customer numbers and rising overhead costs. Simply cutting the materials budget might seem logical, but it could reduce food quality and drive away even more customers.
Think Critically When businesses face budget problems, the obvious solution isn't always the right one - sometimes you need to spend more to solve underlying issues!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Maddox
@maddoxp
Budgets are basically your business's financial roadmap - they help you plan where your money's coming from and where it's going. Think of them like setting spending limits on your phone plan, but for entire companies trying to hit their... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Every successful business needs a financial plan to survive, and that's exactly what a budget is. It's like having a crystal ball that helps you predict your income, spending, and profits for upcoming months or years.
Budgets serve three main purposes that keep businesses on track. They help control spending (no more impulse purchases!), allow managers to spot problems before they become disasters, and give everyone clear targets to aim for.
The magic happens when businesses use budgets to anticipate challenges and prepare solutions in advance. Instead of panicking when sales drop, smart managers already have backup plans ready to go.
Quick Tip: Think of budgets as your business sat nav - they show you the route to your destination and warn you about traffic jams ahead!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sales budgets are all about the money coming in - they predict how much revenue a business expects to earn. It's like estimating how much pocket money you'll get over the next few months.
Expenditure budgets track the money flowing out, covering everything from raw materials to staff wages. Think of it as planning your monthly expenses before you actually spend anything.
Profit budgets show the bottom line - what's left after all expenses are paid. This is where businesses find out if they're actually making money or just breaking even.
Variance calculations compare what actually happened versus what was planned. The formula is simple: Actual figure minus budgeted figure equals your variance.
Remember: A variance just means the difference between what you planned and what actually happened - it's not always bad news!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Favourable variances are the good news stories - they mean things went better than expected. Higher income than planned, lower costs than budgeted, or bigger profits than anticipated all count as wins.
Adverse variances signal trouble - they show where reality fell short of expectations. Lower sales, higher costs, or reduced profits all fall into this category and need immediate attention.
Looking at the examples, January shows mixed results with higher sales (good!) but increased material costs (not so good). February's picture looks more concerning with falling sales and rising costs hitting profits hard.
The key skill is interpreting what these numbers actually mean for the business. A small adverse variance might not matter, but consistent patterns definitely need investigating.
Pro Tip: Don't panic over one month's adverse variance - look for patterns over several months to spot real problems!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
External factors can completely derail your carefully planned budget through no fault of your own. Competitors might slash prices, suppliers could increase costs, or economic changes like interest rate rises can impact your bottom line.
Internal issues often come down to poor management or decision-making. Demotivated staff, inefficient processes, or switching suppliers mid-year can all create unexpected variances in your budget.
Setting accurate budgets presents its own challenges, especially for new businesses with no historical data. It's tough to predict sales when you've never sold anything before, and unexpected changes can make even experienced managers look foolish.
The whole process also costs time and money to create - some small businesses question whether detailed budgeting is worth the effort involved.
Reality Check: Even the best budgets won't be 100% accurate - the goal is getting close enough to make informed decisions!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Zero-based budgeting flips traditional budgeting on its head by starting every department at zero pounds. Instead of adding a bit to last year's budget, employees must justify every penny they're requesting.
This approach forces managers to really think about what they need rather than just asking for more money out of habit. It can reveal wasteful spending that's been hidden for years in traditional budgets.
The Del Rio Pizzeria case study shows real-world budget analysis in action. Despite lower pizza sales creating a £7,000 adverse variance, higher drink sales and reduced material costs helped offset some losses.
Analysing the overall picture reveals the restaurant's main problems: falling customer numbers and rising overhead costs. Simply cutting the materials budget might seem logical, but it could reduce food quality and drive away even more customers.
Think Critically: When businesses face budget problems, the obvious solution isn't always the right one - sometimes you need to spend more to solve underlying issues!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology