Yr9 - Biology Revision

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solution, orange brown -> blue black · Sugar - benedict + heat, blue -> brick red Fat - ethanol + water, colourless -> cloudy white · Protein - biuret reagent, blue -> purple → Possible effects of a diet that does not contain enough calcium for a child are rickets (softens the bones and causes bow legs), stunted growth, and sore or weak muscles. → Hydrochloric acid in the stomach chemically breaks down the foot and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. → Diseases linked to unbalanced energy or fat intake are obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. → Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction without being used up. → The amylase enzymes digest starch. → Digestive system diagram: Mouth Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Anus Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Large intestine Rectum Cells: → Cell membrane - controls what enters and exits the cell. → Mitochondria - site of aerobic respiration, produces energy. → Ribosomes - makes proteins for the cell. → Nucleus contains DNA, controls activities of the cell. → DNA found in the nucleus, codes for different characteristics. → Digestive system - breaks down food into nutrients. → Substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose pass into animal cells. → Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus. → Cells with a cell wall - plant, bacteria. ➜ Proc by whic active transport. → The magnification you should start with on a microscope is 4x. → Image size = Actual size x Magnification (I-AM). substances move in and out of cells - diffusion, osmosis, → How to use a microscope to view cells: · Place glass slide onto the stage . Turn the coarse focus knob until you can clearly view cells . Turn the fine focus knob until cells are in focus → Root hair cell diagram: Root hair Cell membrane Cell wall Vacuole Cytoplasm tail (flagellum) Adaptations: •Adapted to take up water and minerals by having a large surface area to increase rate of absorption · Contains lots of mitochondria which release energy during respiration for active transport →Sperm cell diagram: cytoplasm Nucleus cell membrane nucleus mitochondria Adaptations: . A tail to propel them to towards the egg Many mitochondria to produce energy · Nucleus contains fathers DNA for fertilisation →Plant cell diagram: Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane- Cellulose cell wall- Mitochondrion Permanent vacuole Chloroplast- Adaptations: · Cell membrane allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen out for photosynthesis . Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis for the plant → Epithelial cell diagram: Cell Membrane Cell Interior Gap Junctions Nucleus 550 Adaptations: . Epithelial cells that cover each villi increase surface area over which digested food is absorbed