Year 1 Biology: Bonding Types and Biomolecules PDF

Biology

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Biological Molecules: Structure, Bonding, and Functions

This comprehensive guide covers key concepts in bonding in biology and the structure and function of biomolecules:

Explores various types of chemical bonds in biological systems
Discusses major biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Examines the structure and functions of important biological polymers
Provides detailed information on enzyme function and inhibition
Includes essential information for GCSE Chemistry structure and bonding questions and A Level Biology

18/10/2023

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Page 1: Introduction to Biological Molecules and Bonding

This page introduces the fundamental concepts of bonding in biology and the main types of biological molecules.

Key points covered:

Types of chemical bonds: covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
Major categories of biological molecules: nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids
Formation of disaccharides through glycosidic bonds
Structure and properties of polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Vocabulary: Monomers are the basic building blocks of larger molecules called polymers.

Example: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose is an example of disaccharide formation.

Definition: Glycosidic bonds are covalent bonds that join monosaccharides to form larger carbohydrate molecules.

Highlight: The branched structure of glycogen allows for rapid glucose release, which is crucial for animals with high metabolic rates.

The page also covers the structure and functions of lipids, including triglycerides and phospholipids, emphasizing their roles in energy storage, waterproofing, insulation, and protection.

Quote: "The differences in the properties of triglycerides comes from the variation of fatty acids. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated."

This introduction provides a solid foundation for understanding the structure and function of biomolecules essential for GCSE Chemistry structure and bonding questions and A Level Biology studies.

Bonding
Monomer
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides
Covalent - atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer shells. A more stable molecule is form

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Page 2: Proteins, Enzymes, and DNA

This page delves deeper into the structure of proteins, the function of enzymes, and the basics of DNA structure.

Protein Structure:

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: α-helix or β-pleated sheet
Tertiary structure: compact 3D shape maintained by various bonds
Quaternary structure: combination of multiple polypeptide chains

Definition: The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.

Enzymes:

Induced Fit Model explained
Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors discussed

Example: Competitive inhibitors have a similar shape to the substrate and compete for the enzyme's active site.

DNA Structure:

Double-stranded molecule
Contains deoxyribose sugar
Stores genetic information

Highlight: DNA contains instructions for the synthesis of other molecules, such as proteins.

This page provides essential information for understanding biological molecules structure and function, which is crucial for A Level Biology and GCSE Chemistry structure and bonding questions.

Vocabulary: Prosthetic groups are non-protein components associated with some complex protein molecules.

The detailed explanations of protein structure, enzyme function, and DNA basics offer a comprehensive overview of these key biomolecules examples, supporting students in grasping the fundamental concepts of molecular biology.