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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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07/01/2023
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RECEPTORS Any organ that detects a change: → Eyes →mouth → Skin →nose → ears Changes in the environment SIMUS RECIPIOR a muscle or gland the response will be a muscle contraction or hormone release (2 muscles) regulates how much protects the eye Surface and focuses light CORNEA- rays light enters the eye focuses light on reting EFICIOR LENS the neuron that Sends an electrical impulse from the receptor within the sense organ to the coordination centre (CNS) CILARY MUSCLES change the shape of the lense SENSORY NEURON RELAY NEURON MOTOR NEURON THE EYE RETINA VITREOUS HUMOR THE REFLEX ARC clear liquid that keeps the eye firm. SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS SPINAL CORD →Senses light →contains rods and Icones which detect light + images happens when the body needs to act immediately e.g. when you touch something hot. SCLERA holds lense in place INFORMATION RAYD 10 THE BRAIN FOVEA will signal the effector muscle with an electrical impulse through a motor neurone. OPTIC NERVE white casing → extremely quick and does not require a concious response from the brain. + pancreas is a coordination centre transmits impulses to the brain →in sensory neurones STIMULUS RECEPTOR ↓ COORDINATION EFFECTOR RESPONSE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FOCUSING THE EYE electrical impulses arrive at the end of a neuron and Stimulates chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released from the neuron. SOMETHING NEAR TO US: • lense becomes thicker to retract more light. •ciliary muscles contract happens through the CNS → brain or Spinal cord o suspensory ligaments slacken • increases thickness of the lense SYNAPSES Space where two neurones meet and electrical impulses need to travel across. SOMETHING FAR AWAY FROM us: •less becomes thinner to refract less light • ciliary muscles relax • Suspensory ligaments tighten • making lense thinner. PRESYNAPTIC NEURONE VESCE CONTAINING NURSIER SYNAPSE NEXPRE DEFUSES ACROSS GAP + binds to receptor molecules on the next neuron. -Circular muscles contract •Radial muscles relax THE PUPIL REFLEX →n rapid involuntary response •pupil becomes...
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smaller so less light enters. • Circular muscles relax • radial muscles contract RUOPIOR • pupil becomes larger so that more light enters. BRIGHT LIGHT the binding of the receptors Stimulates an electrical impulse in the neuron which travels along the neuron until it reaches the end and this OM IGHT POSISINAPIC NERON process starts again ORCUAR MISCES CONTRA FADAL MISCES RELAK PUPI BECOMES SMALLER AND WISS UGHT VERS ORCULAR MUSCUS REAK -RADAR MUSCLES ONRA PUPIL BECOMES BIGGER AND MORE UGHT INTERS