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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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07/05/2023
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m m m m m m m m m m m m m THE LUNGS: mouth Bronchiole alveoli 2 lungs → Nasal cavity Breathing: trachea → bronchus passage of air into the lungs : 1. air enters the body and is warmed as it travels through the mouth and nose. 2. It then enters the trachea 3. the trached divides into two branches (bronchi). One bronchus enters each lung. lungs diapnram 4. Each bronchus branches out into smaller tubes called Dronchioles. Air travels through mes bronchioles 5. at the end of the bronchioles, the air enters. One of the many millions of alveoli where gasous exchange takes place. air inhaled rip cages expand as ribo muscles contract Diapnram contracts cmoves down) inspiration (breathing in): The diaphram contracts and moves downwards. The intercoasial muscles contract and move me ribs upwards and outwards. This increases the size of the chest and decreases the air pressure inside it. which sucks air into the lungs- Expiration (breathing out): The diaphram relaxes and moves back to its domed shape. The intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards under their own weight. This decreases the size of the chest and increases the air pressure in the chest so air is forced out of the lungs composition of the air we breath: breathed in - 21% Oxygen breathed out - 16%. Oxygen breathed in 0.03% carbon dioxide breathed out. 4% carbon dioxide.
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