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World war two & the holocaust
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
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Madison💗 Phillips
@madisonphillips_manq
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The immune system protects the body from harmful pathogens and diseases. It consists of physical barriers like skin and mucus, as well as specialized cells that identify and attack invaders. A healthy diet and vaccines help strengthen immunity against infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The body uses multiple defense mechanisms to prevent and fight infections.
14/10/2022
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The immune system consists of active and adaptive components that work together to protect the body from pathogens.
The active immune system includes physical and chemical barriers like mucus, saliva, skin, stomach acid, and blood clots. These form the body's first line of defense against invaders.
The adaptive immune system has two main parts:
Vocabulary: B lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies to fight pathogens.
Vocabulary: T lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in the thymus gland and directly attack infected cells.
Stem cells found in bone marrow give rise to both B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood and other bodily fluids.
Definition: Antibodies are proteins made of 4 peptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light) that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Pathogens can affect plants and animals through various transmission routes, including water, air, direct contact, bodily fluids, insects, and food.
Highlight: A healthy diet, good hygiene, vaccines, and appropriate use of antibiotics all help prevent disease by supporting the immune system.
The body employs multiple layers of defense to fight disease, starting with the skin as the first barrier. The immune system, particularly white blood cells, plays a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens.
White blood cells constantly patrol the bloodstream for invaders. When they encounter a pathogen, they have three main methods of attack:
Example: Phagocytes have flexible membranes that allow them to surround and engulf foreign particles, much like how a bubble might enclose an object.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens entering the body. These pathogens can be:
Definition: Infectious diseases are those caused by pathogens, while non-infectious diseases have other causes such as genetics or environmental factors.
Bacterial infections can cause various diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and chlamydia. TB affects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets, while chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to infertility if left untreated.
Highlight: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, but it's crucial to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed.
Viral infections involve non-living entities that hijack host cells to replicate. Examples include:
Vocabulary: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, protozoa, and prions.
Pathogens come in various forms, each with unique characteristics:
Fungal pathogens: Living organisms from the fungus kingdom, including mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. They can be single-celled or form complex networks.
Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms. For example, Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, which can be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems.
Worms: Parasites that live off their hosts. Tapeworms, for instance, can attach to the gut wall and cause abdominal pain and weight loss.
Prions: Incorrectly folded proteins that can cause normal proteins to misfold, leading to various diseases.
Example: Tapeworms can be transmitted through undercooked pork. They attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, potentially causing weight loss in the host.
Non-infectious diseases include allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. These are not caused by pathogens but by other factors such as genetics or environmental triggers.
Cancer is a complex disease caused by changes in DNA that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Factors that can contribute to cancer development include:
Definition: Tumors are groups of abnormal cells. They can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (capable of spreading and damaging other tissues).
Highlight: While some cancer risk factors are unavoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known carcinogens can help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Its main functions include:
Vocabulary: The integumentary system includes the skin and its accessory organs, which work together to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
Key cell types in the skin include:
The skin plays a crucial role in thermoregulation through various mechanisms:
Example: When you're cold, the erector pili muscles contract, causing your hair to stand up. This creates a layer of insulation and helps retain body heat.
The integumentary system also includes specialized structures like hair follicles, nails, and various glands that contribute to its protective and regulatory functions.
Highlight: The skin is not just a passive barrier; it actively participates in immune defense, temperature regulation, and sensory perception, making it a vital organ for overall health and well-being.
The skin and immune system work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and maintain health. This overview covers:
Highlight: The immune system has multiple layers of defense, from physical barriers like skin to specialized cells that identify and attack specific pathogens.
33
1079
12
CCEA GCSE Double award - Microorganisms and immunity
CCEA double award biology unit 2
19
568
11/9
B3 - Infection and Response
The whole of AQA GCSE Triple Higher B3 in a PDF.
502
7909
10/11
Biology Unit 2 Summary notes
includes: B5, B6, B7 for paper 1 AQA GCSE (apologies for typos) Information from official textbook, PMT, savemyexams and school work
11
422
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AQA Biology GCSE paper 1
Notes on paper 1 Modules
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biology paper 1 flash cards
most topics from paper one biology triple
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381
10
Infection and Response pt1 yr10
This covers: Introduction to various pathogens, viruses and viral diseases, protists and it’s diseases, fungi and it’s diseases and bacteria and bacterial diseases
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Madison💗 Phillips
@madisonphillips_manq
·
29 Followers
Follow
The immune system protects the body from harmful pathogens and diseases. It consists of physical barriers like skin and mucus, as well as specialized cells that identify and attack invaders. A healthy diet and vaccines help strengthen immunity against infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The body uses multiple defense mechanisms to prevent and fight infections.
The immune system consists of active and adaptive components that work together to protect the body from pathogens.
The active immune system includes physical and chemical barriers like mucus, saliva, skin, stomach acid, and blood clots. These form the body's first line of defense against invaders.
The adaptive immune system has two main parts:
Vocabulary: B lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies to fight pathogens.
Vocabulary: T lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in the thymus gland and directly attack infected cells.
Stem cells found in bone marrow give rise to both B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood and other bodily fluids.
Definition: Antibodies are proteins made of 4 peptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light) that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Pathogens can affect plants and animals through various transmission routes, including water, air, direct contact, bodily fluids, insects, and food.
Highlight: A healthy diet, good hygiene, vaccines, and appropriate use of antibiotics all help prevent disease by supporting the immune system.
The body employs multiple layers of defense to fight disease, starting with the skin as the first barrier. The immune system, particularly white blood cells, plays a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens.
White blood cells constantly patrol the bloodstream for invaders. When they encounter a pathogen, they have three main methods of attack:
Example: Phagocytes have flexible membranes that allow them to surround and engulf foreign particles, much like how a bubble might enclose an object.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens entering the body. These pathogens can be:
Definition: Infectious diseases are those caused by pathogens, while non-infectious diseases have other causes such as genetics or environmental factors.
Bacterial infections can cause various diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and chlamydia. TB affects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets, while chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to infertility if left untreated.
Highlight: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, but it's crucial to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed.
Viral infections involve non-living entities that hijack host cells to replicate. Examples include:
Vocabulary: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, protozoa, and prions.
Pathogens come in various forms, each with unique characteristics:
Fungal pathogens: Living organisms from the fungus kingdom, including mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. They can be single-celled or form complex networks.
Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms. For example, Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, which can be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems.
Worms: Parasites that live off their hosts. Tapeworms, for instance, can attach to the gut wall and cause abdominal pain and weight loss.
Prions: Incorrectly folded proteins that can cause normal proteins to misfold, leading to various diseases.
Example: Tapeworms can be transmitted through undercooked pork. They attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, potentially causing weight loss in the host.
Non-infectious diseases include allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. These are not caused by pathogens but by other factors such as genetics or environmental triggers.
Cancer is a complex disease caused by changes in DNA that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Factors that can contribute to cancer development include:
Definition: Tumors are groups of abnormal cells. They can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (capable of spreading and damaging other tissues).
Highlight: While some cancer risk factors are unavoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known carcinogens can help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Its main functions include:
Vocabulary: The integumentary system includes the skin and its accessory organs, which work together to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
Key cell types in the skin include:
The skin plays a crucial role in thermoregulation through various mechanisms:
Example: When you're cold, the erector pili muscles contract, causing your hair to stand up. This creates a layer of insulation and helps retain body heat.
The integumentary system also includes specialized structures like hair follicles, nails, and various glands that contribute to its protective and regulatory functions.
Highlight: The skin is not just a passive barrier; it actively participates in immune defense, temperature regulation, and sensory perception, making it a vital organ for overall health and well-being.
The skin and immune system work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and maintain health. This overview covers:
Highlight: The immune system has multiple layers of defense, from physical barriers like skin to specialized cells that identify and attack specific pathogens.
Biology - CCEA GCSE Double award - Microorganisms and immunity
CCEA double award biology unit 2
33
1079
0
Biology - B3 - Infection and Response
The whole of AQA GCSE Triple Higher B3 in a PDF.
19
568
0
Biology - Biology Unit 2 Summary notes
includes: B5, B6, B7 for paper 1 AQA GCSE (apologies for typos) Information from official textbook, PMT, savemyexams and school work
502
7909
6
Biology - AQA Biology GCSE paper 1
Notes on paper 1 Modules
11
422
0
Biology - biology paper 1 flash cards
most topics from paper one biology triple
33
1078
1
Biology - Infection and Response pt1 yr10
This covers: Introduction to various pathogens, viruses and viral diseases, protists and it’s diseases, fungi and it’s diseases and bacteria and bacterial diseases
32
381
0
Average app rating
Pupils love Knowunity
In education app charts in 12 countries
Students have uploaded notes
iOS User
Philip, iOS User
Lena, iOS user
