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World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Inter-war germany
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
The fight for female suffrage
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Britain: 1509 -1745
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Madison💗 Phillips
@madisonphillips_manq
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The immune system protects the body from harmful pathogens and diseases. It consists of physical barriers like skin and mucus, as well as specialized cells that identify and attack invaders. A healthy diet and vaccines help strengthen immunity against infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The body uses multiple defense mechanisms to prevent and fight infections.
14/10/2022
156
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Its main functions include:
Vocabulary: The integumentary system includes the skin and its accessory organs, which work together to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
Key cell types in the skin include:
The skin plays a crucial role in thermoregulation through various mechanisms:
Example: When you're cold, the erector pili muscles contract, causing your hair to stand up. This creates a layer of insulation and helps retain body heat.
The integumentary system also includes specialized structures like hair follicles, nails, and various glands that contribute to its protective and regulatory functions.
Highlight: The skin is not just a passive barrier; it actively participates in immune defense, temperature regulation, and sensory perception, making it a vital organ for overall health and well-being.
The body employs multiple layers of defense to fight disease, starting with the skin as the first barrier. The immune system, particularly white blood cells, plays a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens.
White blood cells constantly patrol the bloodstream for invaders. When they encounter a pathogen, they have three main methods of attack:
Example: Phagocytes have flexible membranes that allow them to surround and engulf foreign particles, much like how a bubble might enclose an object.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens entering the body. These pathogens can be:
Definition: Infectious diseases are those caused by pathogens, while non-infectious diseases have other causes such as genetics or environmental factors.
Bacterial infections can cause various diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and chlamydia. TB affects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets, while chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to infertility if left untreated.
Highlight: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, but it's crucial to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed.
Viral infections involve non-living entities that hijack host cells to replicate. Examples include:
Vocabulary: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, protozoa, and prions.
Pathogens come in various forms, each with unique characteristics:
Fungal pathogens: Living organisms from the fungus kingdom, including mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. They can be single-celled or form complex networks.
Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms. For example, Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, which can be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems.
Worms: Parasites that live off their hosts. Tapeworms, for instance, can attach to the gut wall and cause abdominal pain and weight loss.
Prions: Incorrectly folded proteins that can cause normal proteins to misfold, leading to various diseases.
Example: Tapeworms can be transmitted through undercooked pork. They attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, potentially causing weight loss in the host.
Non-infectious diseases include allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. These are not caused by pathogens but by other factors such as genetics or environmental triggers.
Cancer is a complex disease caused by changes in DNA that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Factors that can contribute to cancer development include:
Definition: Tumors are groups of abnormal cells. They can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (capable of spreading and damaging other tissues).
Highlight: While some cancer risk factors are unavoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known carcinogens can help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
The skin and immune system work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and maintain health. This overview covers:
Highlight: The immune system has multiple layers of defense, from physical barriers like skin to specialized cells that identify and attack specific pathogens.
The immune system consists of active and adaptive components that work together to protect the body from pathogens.
The active immune system includes physical and chemical barriers like mucus, saliva, skin, stomach acid, and blood clots. These form the body's first line of defense against invaders.
The adaptive immune system has two main parts:
Vocabulary: B lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies to fight pathogens.
Vocabulary: T lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in the thymus gland and directly attack infected cells.
Stem cells found in bone marrow give rise to both B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood and other bodily fluids.
Definition: Antibodies are proteins made of 4 peptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light) that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Pathogens can affect plants and animals through various transmission routes, including water, air, direct contact, bodily fluids, insects, and food.
Highlight: A healthy diet, good hygiene, vaccines, and appropriate use of antibiotics all help prevent disease by supporting the immune system.
32
1048
12
CCEA GCSE Double award - Microorganisms and immunity
CCEA double award biology unit 2
87
305
9
Biology Notes
cells structure|prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells|organisation|infection and response|bioenergenetics
50
657
10/11
Biology B5 - Communicable diseases
AQA GCSE Revision notes
9
448
10/11
Health and disease
Just my biology book so far for this topic 😃
11
345
9
INFECTION AND RESPONSE
GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE, BIOLOGY. covers: pathogens, communicable diseases, measles, HIV, TMV, salmonella, gonorrhoea, rose black spot, malaria, Defence mechanisms + barriers of the human body, immune system
9
650
9/10
Cell Biology
GCSE Revision
Average app rating
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Madison💗 Phillips
@madisonphillips_manq
·
29 Followers
Follow
The immune system protects the body from harmful pathogens and diseases. It consists of physical barriers like skin and mucus, as well as specialized cells that identify and attack invaders. A healthy diet and vaccines help strengthen immunity against infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The body uses multiple defense mechanisms to prevent and fight infections.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Its main functions include:
Vocabulary: The integumentary system includes the skin and its accessory organs, which work together to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
Key cell types in the skin include:
The skin plays a crucial role in thermoregulation through various mechanisms:
Example: When you're cold, the erector pili muscles contract, causing your hair to stand up. This creates a layer of insulation and helps retain body heat.
The integumentary system also includes specialized structures like hair follicles, nails, and various glands that contribute to its protective and regulatory functions.
Highlight: The skin is not just a passive barrier; it actively participates in immune defense, temperature regulation, and sensory perception, making it a vital organ for overall health and well-being.
The body employs multiple layers of defense to fight disease, starting with the skin as the first barrier. The immune system, particularly white blood cells, plays a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens.
White blood cells constantly patrol the bloodstream for invaders. When they encounter a pathogen, they have three main methods of attack:
Example: Phagocytes have flexible membranes that allow them to surround and engulf foreign particles, much like how a bubble might enclose an object.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens entering the body. These pathogens can be:
Definition: Infectious diseases are those caused by pathogens, while non-infectious diseases have other causes such as genetics or environmental factors.
Bacterial infections can cause various diseases, including tuberculosis (TB) and chlamydia. TB affects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets, while chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to infertility if left untreated.
Highlight: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, but it's crucial to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed.
Viral infections involve non-living entities that hijack host cells to replicate. Examples include:
Vocabulary: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms, protozoa, and prions.
Pathogens come in various forms, each with unique characteristics:
Fungal pathogens: Living organisms from the fungus kingdom, including mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. They can be single-celled or form complex networks.
Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms. For example, Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, which can be dangerous for people with weakened immune systems.
Worms: Parasites that live off their hosts. Tapeworms, for instance, can attach to the gut wall and cause abdominal pain and weight loss.
Prions: Incorrectly folded proteins that can cause normal proteins to misfold, leading to various diseases.
Example: Tapeworms can be transmitted through undercooked pork. They attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, potentially causing weight loss in the host.
Non-infectious diseases include allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. These are not caused by pathogens but by other factors such as genetics or environmental triggers.
Cancer is a complex disease caused by changes in DNA that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Factors that can contribute to cancer development include:
Definition: Tumors are groups of abnormal cells. They can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (capable of spreading and damaging other tissues).
Highlight: While some cancer risk factors are unavoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known carcinogens can help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
The skin and immune system work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and maintain health. This overview covers:
Highlight: The immune system has multiple layers of defense, from physical barriers like skin to specialized cells that identify and attack specific pathogens.
The immune system consists of active and adaptive components that work together to protect the body from pathogens.
The active immune system includes physical and chemical barriers like mucus, saliva, skin, stomach acid, and blood clots. These form the body's first line of defense against invaders.
The adaptive immune system has two main parts:
Vocabulary: B lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies to fight pathogens.
Vocabulary: T lymphocytes are white blood cells that mature in the thymus gland and directly attack infected cells.
Stem cells found in bone marrow give rise to both B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood and other bodily fluids.
Definition: Antibodies are proteins made of 4 peptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light) that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens.
Pathogens can affect plants and animals through various transmission routes, including water, air, direct contact, bodily fluids, insects, and food.
Highlight: A healthy diet, good hygiene, vaccines, and appropriate use of antibiotics all help prevent disease by supporting the immune system.
Biology - CCEA GCSE Double award - Microorganisms and immunity
CCEA double award biology unit 2
32
1048
0
Biology - Biology Notes
cells structure|prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells|organisation|infection and response|bioenergenetics
87
305
2
Biology - Biology B5 - Communicable diseases
AQA GCSE Revision notes
50
657
3
Biology - Health and disease
Just my biology book so far for this topic 😃
9
448
0
Biology - INFECTION AND RESPONSE
GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE, BIOLOGY. covers: pathogens, communicable diseases, measles, HIV, TMV, salmonella, gonorrhoea, rose black spot, malaria, Defence mechanisms + barriers of the human body, immune system
11
345
0
Biology - Cell Biology
GCSE Revision
9
650
0
8
Average app rating
Pupils love Knowunity
In education app charts in 12 countries
Students have uploaded notes
iOS User
Philip, iOS User
Lena, iOS user
