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Chloé Merson
12/04/2023
Biology
Respiration notes
214
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12 Apr 2023
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Nat 5 and A-Level Biology Notes: Respiration, Fermentation, and More
Chloé Merson
@chlomerson_7
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in two main stages: glycolysis and pyruvic acid breakdown. These stages are crucial for understanding the stages of aerobic respiration a level Biology curriculum.
Stage 1: Glycolysis
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- Oxygen is not needed
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid using enzymes
- Produces 2 ATP molecules
Stage 2: Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Oxygen is required
- Pyruvic acid is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water
- Generates 36 ATP molecules
Highlight: The total ATP production in aerobic respiration is 38 molecules .
Vocabulary: Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.
The aerobic respiration diagram illustrates the process, showing how glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. This visual representation is essential for students studying cellular respiration and the aerobic respiration equation.
Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when an organism cannot take in enough oxygen to meet its energy demands. This process is important for understanding fermentation GCSE Biology and fermentation bbc bitesize ks3 topics.
Key features of fermentation:
- Glucose is only partially broken down
- Fewer ATP molecules are produced compared to aerobic respiration
- The entire process takes place in the cytoplasm
- Only 2 ATP molecules are produced
Definition: Fermentation is a type of respiration where glucose is partially broken down without oxygen, producing different end products in animal and plant cells.
Highlight: The products of fermentation differ between animal and plant cells. Plant and fungal cells undergo alcoholic fermentation, while animal cells undergo lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation equations:
- Plant and Fungal cells: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
- Animal cells: Glucose → Lactate + ATP
Like aerobic respiration, fermentation also occurs in two stages:
Stage 1: Glycolysis
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
- 2 ATP molecules are formed
Vocabulary: Pyruvic acid is also known as pyruvate.
Differences in Fermentation Between Cell Types
The second stage of fermentation differs between plant/fungal cells and animal cells. This distinction is crucial for answering Nat 5 Biology respiration questions and understanding the word equation for fermentation in animal cells.
Plant and Fungal Cells :
- Pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
- The process is irreversible
- No additional ATP is produced
Animal Cells :
- Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactate
- The process is reversible
- No additional ATP is produced
Highlight: In animal cells, once enough oxygen becomes available, lactate can be converted back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration.
Example: The fermentation equation for plant cells is: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
Example: The word equation for fermentation of yeast is the same as for plant cells.
Understanding the structure of ATP is essential for comprehending how energy is stored and utilized in cells. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. When energy is needed, the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, releasing energy and converting ATP to ADP .
This detailed explanation of respiration and fermentation provides a comprehensive overview for students studying enzymes used in respiration a level Biology and helps answer Nat 5 Biology respiration questions. It also clarifies the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is crucial for understanding cellular energy production in various organisms and conditions.
Respiration Overview
Respiration is the enzyme-controlled process of breaking down glucose to produce energy for cells. This energy is stored in the form of ATP molecules.
Key points:
- Two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
- Glucose is the main energy source
- Energy is released when glucose is broken down
- ATP is stored in muscle cells and throughout the body
- Cells with high energy demands have more mitochondria
Vocabulary: Mitochondria are organelles that function as the site of stage 2 in aerobic respiration.
Definition: Aerobic respiration is the enzyme-controlled process where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Highlight: The aerobic respiration equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
Example: Aerobic respiration provides energy for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, sperm movement, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis.
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Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Nat 5 and A-Level Biology Notes: Respiration, Fermentation, and More
Chloé Merson
@chlomerson_7
Respiration is a vital process in living organisms that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in two main types: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration(fermentation). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more... Show more
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in two main stages: glycolysis and pyruvic acid breakdown. These stages are crucial for understanding the stages of aerobic respiration a level Biology curriculum.
Stage 1: Glycolysis
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- Oxygen is not needed
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid using enzymes
- Produces 2 ATP molecules
Stage 2: Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Oxygen is required
- Pyruvic acid is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water
- Generates 36 ATP molecules
Highlight: The total ATP production in aerobic respiration is 38 molecules .
Vocabulary: Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.
The aerobic respiration diagram illustrates the process, showing how glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. This visual representation is essential for students studying cellular respiration and the aerobic respiration equation.
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Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when an organism cannot take in enough oxygen to meet its energy demands. This process is important for understanding fermentation GCSE Biology and fermentation bbc bitesize ks3 topics.
Key features of fermentation:
- Glucose is only partially broken down
- Fewer ATP molecules are produced compared to aerobic respiration
- The entire process takes place in the cytoplasm
- Only 2 ATP molecules are produced
Definition: Fermentation is a type of respiration where glucose is partially broken down without oxygen, producing different end products in animal and plant cells.
Highlight: The products of fermentation differ between animal and plant cells. Plant and fungal cells undergo alcoholic fermentation, while animal cells undergo lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation equations:
- Plant and Fungal cells: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
- Animal cells: Glucose → Lactate + ATP
Like aerobic respiration, fermentation also occurs in two stages:
Stage 1: Glycolysis
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
- 2 ATP molecules are formed
Vocabulary: Pyruvic acid is also known as pyruvate.
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Differences in Fermentation Between Cell Types
The second stage of fermentation differs between plant/fungal cells and animal cells. This distinction is crucial for answering Nat 5 Biology respiration questions and understanding the word equation for fermentation in animal cells.
Plant and Fungal Cells :
- Pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
- The process is irreversible
- No additional ATP is produced
Animal Cells :
- Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactate
- The process is reversible
- No additional ATP is produced
Highlight: In animal cells, once enough oxygen becomes available, lactate can be converted back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration.
Example: The fermentation equation for plant cells is: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
Example: The word equation for fermentation of yeast is the same as for plant cells.
Understanding the structure of ATP is essential for comprehending how energy is stored and utilized in cells. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. When energy is needed, the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, releasing energy and converting ATP to ADP .
This detailed explanation of respiration and fermentation provides a comprehensive overview for students studying enzymes used in respiration a level Biology and helps answer Nat 5 Biology respiration questions. It also clarifies the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is crucial for understanding cellular energy production in various organisms and conditions.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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Respiration Overview
Respiration is the enzyme-controlled process of breaking down glucose to produce energy for cells. This energy is stored in the form of ATP molecules.
Key points:
- Two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
- Glucose is the main energy source
- Energy is released when glucose is broken down
- ATP is stored in muscle cells and throughout the body
- Cells with high energy demands have more mitochondria
Vocabulary: Mitochondria are organelles that function as the site of stage 2 in aerobic respiration.
Definition: Aerobic respiration is the enzyme-controlled process where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Highlight: The aerobic respiration equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
Example: Aerobic respiration provides energy for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, sperm movement, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user