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Nat 5 and A-Level Biology Notes: Respiration, Fermentation, and More

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Chloé Merson

12/04/2023

Biology

Respiration notes

Nat 5 and A-Level Biology Notes: Respiration, Fermentation, and More

Respiration is a vital process in living organisms that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in two main types: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration (fermentation). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and yields less energy. The process involves complex enzyme-controlled reactions that take place in different parts of the cell, including the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Understanding respiration is crucial for Nat 5 Biology and A-level Biology students, as it forms the foundation for comprehending cellular energy production and utilization.

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12/04/2023

212

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

View

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration occurs in two main stages: glycolysis and pyruvic acid breakdown. These stages are crucial for understanding the stages of aerobic respiration a level Biology curriculum.

Stage 1: Glycolysis

  • Takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Oxygen is not needed
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid using enzymes
  • Produces 2 ATP molecules

Stage 2: Pyruvic Acid Breakdown

  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Oxygen is required
  • Pyruvic acid is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water
  • Generates 36 ATP molecules

Highlight: The total ATP production in aerobic respiration is 38 molecules 2fromglycolysisand36frompyruvicacidbreakdown2 from glycolysis and 36 from pyruvic acid breakdown.

Vocabulary: Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.

The aerobic respiration diagram illustrates the process, showing how glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. This visual representation is essential for students studying cellular respiration and the aerobic respiration equation.

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

View

Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when an organism cannot take in enough oxygen to meet its energy demands. This process is important for understanding fermentation GCSE Biology and fermentation bbc bitesize ks3 topics.

Key features of fermentation:

  • Glucose is only partially broken down
  • Fewer ATP molecules are produced compared to aerobic respiration
  • The entire process takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Only 2 ATP molecules are produced

Definition: Fermentation is a type of respiration where glucose is partially broken down without oxygen, producing different end products in animal and plant cells.

Highlight: The products of fermentation differ between animal and plant cells. Plant and fungal cells undergo alcoholic fermentation, while animal cells undergo lactic acid fermentation.

Fermentation equations:

  • Plant and Fungal cells: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
  • Animal cells: Glucose → Lactate + ATP

Like aerobic respiration, fermentation also occurs in two stages:

Stage 1: Glycolysis sameforanimalsandplantssame for animals and plants

  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
  • 2 ATP molecules are formed

Vocabulary: Pyruvic acid is also known as pyruvate.

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

View

Differences in Fermentation Between Cell Types

The second stage of fermentation differs between plant/fungal cells and animal cells. This distinction is crucial for answering Nat 5 Biology respiration questions and understanding the word equation for fermentation in animal cells.

Plant and Fungal Cells AlcoholicFermentationAlcoholic Fermentation:

  • Pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • The process is irreversible
  • No additional ATP is produced

Animal Cells LacticAcidFermentationLactic Acid Fermentation:

  • Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactate lacticacidlactic acid
  • The process is reversible
  • No additional ATP is produced

Highlight: In animal cells, once enough oxygen becomes available, lactate can be converted back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration.

Example: The fermentation equation for plant cells is: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP

Example: The word equation for fermentation of yeast afungalcella fungal cell is the same as for plant cells.

Understanding the structure of ATP is essential for comprehending how energy is stored and utilized in cells. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. When energy is needed, the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, releasing energy and converting ATP to ADP adenosinediphosphateadenosine diphosphate.

This detailed explanation of respiration and fermentation provides a comprehensive overview for students studying enzymes used in respiration a level Biology and helps answer Nat 5 Biology respiration questions. It also clarifies the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is crucial for understanding cellular energy production in various organisms and conditions.

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12 Apr 2023

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Nat 5 and A-Level Biology Notes: Respiration, Fermentation, and More

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Chloé Merson

@chlomerson_7

Respiration is a vital process in living organisms that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in two main types: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration(fermentation). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more... Show more

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

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Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration occurs in two main stages: glycolysis and pyruvic acid breakdown. These stages are crucial for understanding the stages of aerobic respiration a level Biology curriculum.

Stage 1: Glycolysis

  • Takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Oxygen is not needed
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid using enzymes
  • Produces 2 ATP molecules

Stage 2: Pyruvic Acid Breakdown

  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Oxygen is required
  • Pyruvic acid is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water
  • Generates 36 ATP molecules

Highlight: The total ATP production in aerobic respiration is 38 molecules 2fromglycolysisand36frompyruvicacidbreakdown2 from glycolysis and 36 from pyruvic acid breakdown.

Vocabulary: Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.

The aerobic respiration diagram illustrates the process, showing how glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. This visual representation is essential for students studying cellular respiration and the aerobic respiration equation.

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

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Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs when an organism cannot take in enough oxygen to meet its energy demands. This process is important for understanding fermentation GCSE Biology and fermentation bbc bitesize ks3 topics.

Key features of fermentation:

  • Glucose is only partially broken down
  • Fewer ATP molecules are produced compared to aerobic respiration
  • The entire process takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Only 2 ATP molecules are produced

Definition: Fermentation is a type of respiration where glucose is partially broken down without oxygen, producing different end products in animal and plant cells.

Highlight: The products of fermentation differ between animal and plant cells. Plant and fungal cells undergo alcoholic fermentation, while animal cells undergo lactic acid fermentation.

Fermentation equations:

  • Plant and Fungal cells: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
  • Animal cells: Glucose → Lactate + ATP

Like aerobic respiration, fermentation also occurs in two stages:

Stage 1: Glycolysis sameforanimalsandplantssame for animals and plants

  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
  • 2 ATP molecules are formed

Vocabulary: Pyruvic acid is also known as pyruvate.

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Differences in Fermentation Between Cell Types

The second stage of fermentation differs between plant/fungal cells and animal cells. This distinction is crucial for answering Nat 5 Biology respiration questions and understanding the word equation for fermentation in animal cells.

Plant and Fungal Cells AlcoholicFermentationAlcoholic Fermentation:

  • Pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • The process is irreversible
  • No additional ATP is produced

Animal Cells LacticAcidFermentationLactic Acid Fermentation:

  • Pyruvic acid is broken down into lactate lacticacidlactic acid
  • The process is reversible
  • No additional ATP is produced

Highlight: In animal cells, once enough oxygen becomes available, lactate can be converted back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration.

Example: The fermentation equation for plant cells is: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP

Example: The word equation for fermentation of yeast afungalcella fungal cell is the same as for plant cells.

Understanding the structure of ATP is essential for comprehending how energy is stored and utilized in cells. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. When energy is needed, the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, releasing energy and converting ATP to ADP adenosinediphosphateadenosine diphosphate.

This detailed explanation of respiration and fermentation provides a comprehensive overview for students studying enzymes used in respiration a level Biology and helps answer Nat 5 Biology respiration questions. It also clarifies the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is crucial for understanding cellular energy production in various organisms and conditions.

Respiration
w what is respiration ?
cell respiration
of glucose
energy
f
ATP
Kir
yaror
ADP+Pi
equation :
21 JOOXTO
bhilworks of im. Satt on

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Respiration Overview

Respiration is the enzyme-controlled process of breaking down glucose to produce energy for cells. This energy is stored in the form of ATP adenosinetriphosphateadenosine triphosphate molecules.

Key points:

  • Two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic fermentationfermentation
  • Glucose is the main energy source
  • Energy is released when glucose is broken down
  • ATP is stored in muscle cells and throughout the body
  • Cells with high energy demands have more mitochondria

Vocabulary: Mitochondria are organelles that function as the site of stage 2 pyruvicacidbreakdownpyruvic acid breakdown in aerobic respiration.

Definition: Aerobic respiration is the enzyme-controlled process where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Highlight: The aerobic respiration equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

Example: Aerobic respiration provides energy for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, sperm movement, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis.

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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