Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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Biology
7 Dec 2025
367
1 page
Mayesha ☆ @mayeshatas07
Ever wondered how your body actually makes the proteins it needs to function? Protein synthesisis the incredible... Show more
Think of a gene as a recipe book section - it's a specific part of a chromosome that contains the instructions for making one protein. Since proteins are built from amino acids, your DNA needs a clever coding system every three base pairs (called a triplet codon) codes for exactly one amino acid.
The whole process happens in two main stages that work together like a perfectly coordinated team. Transcription occurs in the nucleus where the DNA recipe gets copied, whilst translation happens at ribosomes where the actual protein gets assembled.
Here's what makes this process brilliant DNA can't leave the nucleus (it's too precious!), so cells use messenger RNA (mRNA) as a go-between. This single-stranded molecule can travel freely and carries the genetic code from nucleus to ribosome.
Transcription starts when RNA polymerase latches onto the DNA and unzips it like a zipper. The mRNA then copies the DNA strand using complementary bases - but here's the twist instead of thymine (T), RNA uses uracil (U).
During translation, the mRNA travels through nuclear pores to reach a ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules act like delivery trucks - each carries a specific amino acid and has a complementary codon that matches part of the mRNA sequence. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it joins the amino acids together to form the final protein, whilst the tRNA molecules head back to collect more amino acids.
Key Insight The main difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded and stays in the nucleus with A, T, G, C bases, whilst RNA is single-stranded, can leave the nucleus, and uses A, U, G, C bases instead.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. This study note covers the roles of mRNA, tRNA, exons, and introns, detailing how genes are expressed to form proteins. Understand the significance of start and stop codons, RNA splicing, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for higher biology students studying gene expression and regulation.
BiologyExplore key concepts in molecular biology, including DNA and RNA structure, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. This summary covers essential topics such as mutations, stem cells, and the processes of cellular differentiation and gene expression. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of Unit 1 in higher human biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in cell biology, including cancer mechanisms, mitosis and meiosis processes, and the role of stem cells in differentiation. This summary provides insights into somatic and germline cells, cellular differentiation, and the ethical considerations surrounding embryonic stem cell research. Ideal for students studying higher human biology.
BiologyExplore the essential functions of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA structures, nucleotide composition, ATP's role in energy transfer, and the semi-conservative replication process. This summary also covers the Meselson-Stahl experiment and the genetic code, making it a vital resource for AS Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of gene regulation, including operons, transcription factors, and mutations. This summary covers key concepts such as the lac operon, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional modifications, essential for understanding cellular control in biology. Ideal for OCR A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate structure and lifecycle of viruses in this detailed mindmap. Understand key concepts such as viral replication, infection stages, and the role of genetic material. Ideal for AQA A-level Biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of virology.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Mayesha ☆
@mayeshatas07
Ever wondered how your body actually makes the proteins it needs to function? Protein synthesisis the incredible process where your cells read DNA instructions and build proteins from amino acids - it's like having a molecular assembly line running... Show more
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Think of a gene as a recipe book section - it's a specific part of a chromosome that contains the instructions for making one protein. Since proteins are built from amino acids, your DNA needs a clever coding system: every three base pairs (called a triplet codon) codes for exactly one amino acid.
The whole process happens in two main stages that work together like a perfectly coordinated team. Transcription occurs in the nucleus where the DNA recipe gets copied, whilst translation happens at ribosomes where the actual protein gets assembled.
Here's what makes this process brilliant: DNA can't leave the nucleus (it's too precious!), so cells use messenger RNA (mRNA) as a go-between. This single-stranded molecule can travel freely and carries the genetic code from nucleus to ribosome.
Transcription starts when RNA polymerase latches onto the DNA and unzips it like a zipper. The mRNA then copies the DNA strand using complementary bases - but here's the twist: instead of thymine (T), RNA uses uracil (U).
During translation, the mRNA travels through nuclear pores to reach a ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules act like delivery trucks - each carries a specific amino acid and has a complementary codon that matches part of the mRNA sequence. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it joins the amino acids together to form the final protein, whilst the tRNA molecules head back to collect more amino acids.
Key Insight: The main difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded and stays in the nucleus with A, T, G, C bases, whilst RNA is single-stranded, can leave the nucleus, and uses A, U, G, C bases instead.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. This study note covers the roles of mRNA, tRNA, exons, and introns, detailing how genes are expressed to form proteins. Understand the significance of start and stop codons, RNA splicing, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for higher biology students studying gene expression and regulation.
BiologyExplore key concepts in molecular biology, including DNA and RNA structure, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. This summary covers essential topics such as mutations, stem cells, and the processes of cellular differentiation and gene expression. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive overview of Unit 1 in higher human biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in cell biology, including cancer mechanisms, mitosis and meiosis processes, and the role of stem cells in differentiation. This summary provides insights into somatic and germline cells, cellular differentiation, and the ethical considerations surrounding embryonic stem cell research. Ideal for students studying higher human biology.
BiologyExplore the essential functions of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA structures, nucleotide composition, ATP's role in energy transfer, and the semi-conservative replication process. This summary also covers the Meselson-Stahl experiment and the genetic code, making it a vital resource for AS Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of gene regulation, including operons, transcription factors, and mutations. This summary covers key concepts such as the lac operon, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional modifications, essential for understanding cellular control in biology. Ideal for OCR A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate structure and lifecycle of viruses in this detailed mindmap. Understand key concepts such as viral replication, infection stages, and the role of genetic material. Ideal for AQA A-level Biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of virology.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology