Organisation

Alternative transcript:

intestine. Enzymes - Lock and key theory. Enzymes are biological catalysts, which speed up the rate of used up or changed. They are a special type of protien and are made from The folding of the chains of amino acids determines the Site. The substrate binds to the active site of chemical reactions without being amino acids. hape of an enzymes active an enzyme. Eg Starch binds to the active site of the amylase which it up. In this case the reaction is the breakdown of starch into glucose. - Different enzymes have different active sites Enzymes affect the metabolism of a cell or organism (the sum of all of the reaction that take place in a cell or organism. catalyses the reaction (speeds Some enzymes catalyse reactions to build large molecules from smaller molecules. Other enzymes change one molecule into another. Factors affecting enzymes Temperature →→→ Increasing the temp increases the rate of reaction. The enzyme and substrate molecules have more kinetic energy resulting in more successful collisions per second. O primum temperature is the temperature at which the enzymes work most efficiently. Beyond this the enzyme denatured. →Each enzyme will have a different optimum pH. A pH too high or to low for an enzyme will denature it. becomes Digestive enzymes Amylase (carbohydrase) →Breaks down carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars (glucose) Produced in the pancreas and salivary gland. ↳Site of action: Small intestine and mouth. Protease Break down protiens into amino acids Produced in the pancreas, stomach and small intestines. Site of action: Small intestine and stomach. Lipase Breaks down lipids (fars and oils) into 3 fatty acids and glycerol. Produced in the pancreas and small intestines. ↳Site of action: Small intestine. Food tests Sugars Benedict's solution. blue Green, Yellow, brick-red Starch LIodine solution ✓Browng-orange Protiens ↳ Biuret solution →Black / Blue - black ✓ Blue Purple / violet. Lipids ↳ The blood There are four components of blood. ↳Plasma SS% 4 Red blood cells 45% با ↳ Straw coloured Liquid Transports blood cells and chemicals around the body. Haemoglobin is a pigment that binds to oxygen to make oxy haemoglobin, which helps carry it around the body. No nucleus, which allows more space for haemoglobin. Biconcave, meaning they have a dip on each side. This increases surface area to volume ratio so they can carry more. oxygen ↳White blood cells <1% ↳ Protects the body against infection. ↳ Platelets <1% Carry oxygen to the body's cells. ܝܐ ↳ Fragments of cells Help the blood Got ↳ Prevents blood loss. Blood vessles Arteries •Carry blood away from the heart to the organs. High pressure as the blood needs to be pumped all the way around the body. Small Lumen Thick, muscular walls with elastic fibres. Capillaries Take blood to and from the cells of the body. Substances diffuse in and out of the blood. ↳ Very thin walls - one cell thick - to maximise the rate of diffusion. Veins ↳ Carry blood from the organs back to the heart Low pressure so values are there to prevent backflow. Larger lumen to help blood flow. The respiratory system Air passes through the nose or mouth and then onto the trachea. The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, one going to each lung. The bronchi split into progressively smaller tubes called the bronchioles. The bronchioles finally end at small sacs called alveoli, where gasses are exchanged. Sphenoidal sinus- Nasal cavity- Pharynx- Alveoli Right lung- Diaphragm Gaseous exchange Oxygen from the air travels through the mouth, into the chest cavity and finally to the alveoli. Oxygen is then diffused through the alveoli into the capillaries, because the oxygen concentration is lower in the capillaries than the alveoli, and then transported to the rest of the body Meanwhile, carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli, because the carbon dioxide concentration is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries, and is exhaled out through the mouth or nose. Deoxygenated blood in Red blood cells in capillary When you breath in, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to Imove the ribcage upwards and expand the chest cavity. This decreases the air pressure in the lungs, drawing air in. (Inspiration) When you breath out, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, moving the ribcage down and shrinking the chest cavity Air pressure in the lungs increases, forcing air out of the lungs. (Expiration) Air out CO₂ out 7.1 O₂ in Air in -Nasal conchae Frontal sinus } -Nose Alveoli -Larynx -Tracheal -Bronchus -Bronchioles Oxygenated blood out -Left lung The cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system helps transport things around the body in the bloodstream, like oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients (glucose). This • gives the muscles what they need to release energy to move during excercise (and takes away any waste products). When excercising, more blood is moved nearer to the skin to cool the body more, which allows you to excercise without overheating Pathway! of blood Right side (deoxygen ated blood) Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava as the heart relaxes. The right atrium contracts, pushing the blood through a valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, pushing the blood through another valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs. Gases are exchanged in the lungs and the blood becomes oxygenated. Left side (oxygenated blood) Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein as the heart relaxes. The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood through a valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts, pushing the blood through another valve into the aorta. This transports the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. When the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood, it becomes deoxygenated again. Diastole is when the heart relaxes and fills with blood and systole is when it contracts and pumps the blood out. Both sides of the heart relax at the same time and then contract at the same time. One cardiac cycle is a phase of diastole and systole (one heart beat). The heart Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary..... Valve Tricuspid Valve Right Atrium wwwwwww. جا Inferior Vena Cava Aorta Left Atrium جا Right Ventricte. Left Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Mitral Valve Aortic Valve Coronary heart disease Coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen and glucose ↳ Coronary arteries can become narrow, usually due to a build up of fatty deposits This is known as Coronary heart disease. Pericardium ↳ Fatty deposits restrict the blood flow to the heart which means less oxygen is supplied. ↳ Stents - Mesh tubes used to open the artery wider. ↳ Risk of clotting ↳ Statins - Drug that lowers blood cholesterol levels, slowing the build up of fatty deposity Also lower the risk of some other diseases ↳ Have to remember to take them + they take time to take an effect. Faulty valves - Blood flows in both directions so less oxygenated blood reaches the body. Can cause death. Can be replaced with mechanical or biological valves. Mechanical valves last forever but medication needs to be taken to prevent clot ting. Biological valves only last 10-15 years Pacemakers regulate the heart rate by sending electrical signals to the heart. Heart transplant - Artificial heart can keep a patient alive until a donor heart is found Heart transplant has a risk of rejection. Health issues - Health - The complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Diseases cause ill health. Communica ble - Infectious Non-communicable - Cannot be transmitted. Diet, stress and life situations can affect your health. Health issues Different types of diseases may interact with each other. Defects in the immune system mean an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases. Viruses Living in body cells can be the trigger for cancer. ↳ Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma. Severe 2 physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illnesses particularly if they affect the persons ability to do everyday things. Non Communicable diseases - Aren't infectious - Cause 71% of deaths worldwide. Affect the individual, their family, their country and the global economies. Can be caused by some lifestyle Choices, and even substances in the person's body or environment. Risk factors increase the rate of incidence. Cardiovascular disease ↳Poor diet ↳ Smoking Type 2 diabetes ↳ Obesity Liver and brain damage ↳ Alcohol Lack of exercise. Lung disease and cancer ↳ Smoking Damage to foetus Smoking and alcohol Cancer ↳ Carcinogens با Cancer Uncontrolled or abnormal cell division and results in the formation of a tumor ↳ Benign با →Tumor stays s in one place (within a cell membrane). It is not cancerous. Malignant → Tumor They grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues. Cells can break off and spread by travelling in the bloodstream. can then cause secondary tumors - They are cancerous.. Plant tissues and organs Upper epidermis 07/2000 Mesophyll Lower epidermis Guard cells Cuticle Palisade parenchyma Spongy parenchyma Cuticle Transpiration is the loss of water. Water esapes by diffusion. The evaporation causes a slight Shortage of water in the leaf so more wate is drawn through the xylem ressles to replace it. from aplano hight intensity - Brighter light the higher the transpiration rate. Temp- the womer it is Air now. The stronger the air Humidity - The drye the air the faster the transpiration happens the faster the rate of transpiration. flow the faster the rate of diffusion