Ever wonder how all life on Earth is connected and... Show more
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Subjects
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
401
•
10 Dec 2025
•
fasai✧
@myfxsai
Ever wonder how all life on Earth is connected and... Show more











Your local park, garden, or even a puddle contains an amazing variety of life working together. An ecosystem includes all the living organisms (like plants and animals) plus non-living factors (like soil and water) in one area.
Every species has its own niche - think of it as their "job" in the ecosystem. Producers like plants make their own food through photosynthesis, whilst consumers must eat other organisms to survive. Some are herbivores , carnivores , or omnivores (eating both).
Biodiversity measures how many different species live in an area. Higher biodiversity usually means a healthier ecosystem - it's like having a strong safety net where if one species struggles, others can step in to fill the gap.
Quick Tip: Remember that predators hunt prey - the arrows always point towards who's doing the eating!

Food chains show exactly how energy moves through ecosystems, and it's not as simple as you might think. Pyramids of energy always form regular triangular shapes because energy decreases as you move up each level.
Sometimes you'll see irregular pyramids of numbers - like one massive oak tree supporting thousands of caterpillars. This happens because size matters more than quantity when counting organisms.
The key rule is that energy pyramids never lie - they always show less energy at each higher level, making them brilliant for understanding ecosystem structure.
Remember: Energy pyramids are always regular triangles - if it's not triangular, it's probably a pyramid of numbers, not energy!

Here's something that might surprise you - ecosystems are incredibly wasteful! At each level of a food chain, only 10% of energy gets passed up to the next level. The other 90% disappears through movement, body heat, and waste products.
This massive energy loss explains why food chains rarely have more than four or five levels. There simply isn't enough energy left to support more levels of consumers.
Food webs show the real complexity of nature by connecting multiple food chains together. They reveal how most animals don't rely on just one food source - smart survival strategy!
Key Fact: The sun provides ALL energy in ecosystems - without it, every food chain would collapse within days.

Life in ecosystems is basically one giant competition for limited resources. Interspecific competition happens between different species (like red and grey squirrels fighting for the same trees), whilst intraspecific competition occurs within the same species and tends to be much more intense.
Animals typically compete for food, mates, water, and territory. Plants battle for sunlight, nutrients, water, and soil space. The winners get to survive and reproduce - it's nature's way of ensuring the strongest genes continue.
Understanding competition helps explain why certain species dominate particular areas whilst others struggle to survive in the same habitat.
Think About It: Intraspecific competition is more intense because members of the same species need exactly the same resources - no compromise possible!

Where organisms choose to live isn't random - it's determined by biotic factors (living influences) and abiotic factors . Abiotic factors include light intensity, temperature, moisture, and pH levels.
Grazing creates a perfect example of biotic influence. Light grazing allows maximum biodiversity, but too little grazing lets strong plants dominate, whilst too much grazing destroys plant communities entirely.
Diseases can dramatically shift ecosystem balance. Grey squirrels carry viruses that don't harm them but kill red squirrels - a major reason why red squirrels are disappearing from many areas.
Real Example: The introduction of grey squirrels to Britain has devastated native red squirrel populations through both competition and disease transmission.

Scientists use clever methods to study ecosystems without counting every single organism. Quadrats (square frames) get thrown randomly to sample plant populations and estimate abundance across larger areas.
Pitfall traps catch small creatures like beetles and woodlice. These simple containers need drainage holes (so animals don't drown), must sit level with the ground surface, and require checking every 24 hours.
Both methods have potential errors - dirty equipment gives false readings, and casting shadows over light meters affects results. Good scientists always clean equipment between samples.
Pro Tip: Random sampling eliminates human bias - you can't unconsciously choose the most interesting spots if you're throwing quadrats randomly!

Modern technology makes measuring abiotic factors much easier. pH meters, soil moisture meters, light intensity meters, and black bulb thermometers give accurate readings when used properly.
Paired statement keys help identify unknown organisms by working through yes/no questions systematically. They're like nature's version of "20 Questions" - each answer narrows down the possibilities.
The biggest measurement errors come from contaminated equipment and casting shadows over meters. Simple cleaning between samples and careful positioning solve most problems.
Science Tip: Black bulb thermometers measure environmental temperature more accurately than regular thermometers because they absorb heat like living organisms do.

Some organisms act like nature's pollution detectors - their presence or absence reveals environmental health. Lichen species indicate air pollution levels: crusty lichens tolerate high pollution whilst leafy lichens only survive in clean air.
Water pollution can be detected using aquatic organisms. Freshwater shrimps indicate clean water, whilst bloodworms thrive in polluted conditions. As sewage increases, bacterial numbers explode, consuming oxygen and reducing biodiversity.
These biological indicators often provide more reliable long-term pollution data than expensive electronic equipment, since organisms respond to average conditions over time rather than momentary readings.
Environmental Fact: Lichens are so sensitive to air pollution that they disappeared from most British cities during the industrial revolution but are slowly returning as air quality improves.

Photosynthesis is arguably the most important process on Earth - it's how green plants make food and produce the oxygen we breathe. This amazing process happens inside chloroplasts, where chlorophyll captures light energy from the sun.
The light reaction (stage 1) converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP) whilst splitting water molecules. Hydrogen gets passed to stage 2, and oxygen diffuses out of the plant - lucky for us!
Understanding photosynthesis helps explain why plants need sunlight and water, and why they're absolutely essential for all life on Earth.
Mind-Blowing Fact: Every second breath you take contains oxygen molecules that were recently released by a plant during photosynthesis!

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Quotes from every main character
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
fasai✧
@myfxsai
Ever wonder how all life on Earth is connected and where energy comes from? Ecosystems are like giant webs where every living thing depends on something else to survive. From the tiniest bacteria to massive oak trees, everything has a... Show more

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your local park, garden, or even a puddle contains an amazing variety of life working together. An ecosystem includes all the living organisms (like plants and animals) plus non-living factors (like soil and water) in one area.
Every species has its own niche - think of it as their "job" in the ecosystem. Producers like plants make their own food through photosynthesis, whilst consumers must eat other organisms to survive. Some are herbivores , carnivores , or omnivores (eating both).
Biodiversity measures how many different species live in an area. Higher biodiversity usually means a healthier ecosystem - it's like having a strong safety net where if one species struggles, others can step in to fill the gap.
Quick Tip: Remember that predators hunt prey - the arrows always point towards who's doing the eating!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Food chains show exactly how energy moves through ecosystems, and it's not as simple as you might think. Pyramids of energy always form regular triangular shapes because energy decreases as you move up each level.
Sometimes you'll see irregular pyramids of numbers - like one massive oak tree supporting thousands of caterpillars. This happens because size matters more than quantity when counting organisms.
The key rule is that energy pyramids never lie - they always show less energy at each higher level, making them brilliant for understanding ecosystem structure.
Remember: Energy pyramids are always regular triangles - if it's not triangular, it's probably a pyramid of numbers, not energy!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Here's something that might surprise you - ecosystems are incredibly wasteful! At each level of a food chain, only 10% of energy gets passed up to the next level. The other 90% disappears through movement, body heat, and waste products.
This massive energy loss explains why food chains rarely have more than four or five levels. There simply isn't enough energy left to support more levels of consumers.
Food webs show the real complexity of nature by connecting multiple food chains together. They reveal how most animals don't rely on just one food source - smart survival strategy!
Key Fact: The sun provides ALL energy in ecosystems - without it, every food chain would collapse within days.

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Life in ecosystems is basically one giant competition for limited resources. Interspecific competition happens between different species (like red and grey squirrels fighting for the same trees), whilst intraspecific competition occurs within the same species and tends to be much more intense.
Animals typically compete for food, mates, water, and territory. Plants battle for sunlight, nutrients, water, and soil space. The winners get to survive and reproduce - it's nature's way of ensuring the strongest genes continue.
Understanding competition helps explain why certain species dominate particular areas whilst others struggle to survive in the same habitat.
Think About It: Intraspecific competition is more intense because members of the same species need exactly the same resources - no compromise possible!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Where organisms choose to live isn't random - it's determined by biotic factors (living influences) and abiotic factors . Abiotic factors include light intensity, temperature, moisture, and pH levels.
Grazing creates a perfect example of biotic influence. Light grazing allows maximum biodiversity, but too little grazing lets strong plants dominate, whilst too much grazing destroys plant communities entirely.
Diseases can dramatically shift ecosystem balance. Grey squirrels carry viruses that don't harm them but kill red squirrels - a major reason why red squirrels are disappearing from many areas.
Real Example: The introduction of grey squirrels to Britain has devastated native red squirrel populations through both competition and disease transmission.

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Scientists use clever methods to study ecosystems without counting every single organism. Quadrats (square frames) get thrown randomly to sample plant populations and estimate abundance across larger areas.
Pitfall traps catch small creatures like beetles and woodlice. These simple containers need drainage holes (so animals don't drown), must sit level with the ground surface, and require checking every 24 hours.
Both methods have potential errors - dirty equipment gives false readings, and casting shadows over light meters affects results. Good scientists always clean equipment between samples.
Pro Tip: Random sampling eliminates human bias - you can't unconsciously choose the most interesting spots if you're throwing quadrats randomly!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Modern technology makes measuring abiotic factors much easier. pH meters, soil moisture meters, light intensity meters, and black bulb thermometers give accurate readings when used properly.
Paired statement keys help identify unknown organisms by working through yes/no questions systematically. They're like nature's version of "20 Questions" - each answer narrows down the possibilities.
The biggest measurement errors come from contaminated equipment and casting shadows over meters. Simple cleaning between samples and careful positioning solve most problems.
Science Tip: Black bulb thermometers measure environmental temperature more accurately than regular thermometers because they absorb heat like living organisms do.

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Some organisms act like nature's pollution detectors - their presence or absence reveals environmental health. Lichen species indicate air pollution levels: crusty lichens tolerate high pollution whilst leafy lichens only survive in clean air.
Water pollution can be detected using aquatic organisms. Freshwater shrimps indicate clean water, whilst bloodworms thrive in polluted conditions. As sewage increases, bacterial numbers explode, consuming oxygen and reducing biodiversity.
These biological indicators often provide more reliable long-term pollution data than expensive electronic equipment, since organisms respond to average conditions over time rather than momentary readings.
Environmental Fact: Lichens are so sensitive to air pollution that they disappeared from most British cities during the industrial revolution but are slowly returning as air quality improves.

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Photosynthesis is arguably the most important process on Earth - it's how green plants make food and produce the oxygen we breathe. This amazing process happens inside chloroplasts, where chlorophyll captures light energy from the sun.
The light reaction (stage 1) converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP) whilst splitting water molecules. Hydrogen gets passed to stage 2, and oxygen diffuses out of the plant - lucky for us!
Understanding photosynthesis helps explain why plants need sunlight and water, and why they're absolutely essential for all life on Earth.
Mind-Blowing Fact: Every second breath you take contains oxygen molecules that were recently released by a plant during photosynthesis!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user