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Cell biology
Biological molecules
Organisation
Infection and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Inter-war germany
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
The cold war
World war two & the holocaust
World war one
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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27/04/2023
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chemical defenses antibacterial chemicals are produced by some plants such as mint, ganic and witch-hazel. works like antibiotics to prevent bactena growing Poisons produced from many plants - Foxglove and deadly nightshade. put of. nerbivores.. Defenses of PLANES. Physical mostplants have a waxy cuticle acting as a barner, some have bark which can fall Off taking pathogens with it. Plants have cell mechanica defenses mimicry - Looking dead or non- Plant uke. or adaptions to make it unpleasem to eat. Physical defenses Infection? Physical properties -waxy cuticle, bark as extra Protective barners to Pathogens and walls. Mechanical some plants have thoms- painful to eat. Hairy stems I leaves deter insects from feeding on them or laying eggs.. chemical curling defenses Response have anticre antimicrobial Properties kill Pathogens leaves when touched magnesium needed for nitrate deficiancy: Production of chlorophyli nitrate needed for synthesis of proteins? without plants can't grow causes stunted growth Plants can also be infested with fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Plant diseases. Mineral deficiancies magnesium deficiancy: plants can't photosynthesise can't produce glucose magnesium absent makes leaves yellow.. Potassium deficiancy. poor growth of Flowers. dead spots and yellow llaves. potassium needed for production of flowers and fruit. Diseases: Aphids. greenfues and black flies feed on the sap in the phloem can weaken the plant Aphids can also act as a vector. Plants have defenses to vifat pathogens and pests. Biological Pest control cusing. ladybugs or chemical pesticides are often used,
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