Vocabulary: Antiretroviral drugs are medications used to treat HIV infections by preventing virus replication.

Example: TMV causes yellow patches in a mosaic pattern on leaves, significantly reducing photosynthesis and plant growth.

Highlight: Vaccines contain dead or weakened viruses that trigger an immune response, producing protective antibodies.

Definition: A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an infection that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact.

Highlight: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria, such as in some strains of gonorrhea, poses a significant medical challenge.

Example: Malaria transmission occurs through a complex cycle involving mosquitoes as vectors and affecting human blood cells.

Vocabulary: Cilia are hair-like projections that move in a coordinated manner to sweep mucus and trapped pathogens out of the respiratory system.

Definition: A vector is an organism that carries and spreads a disease, such as mosquitoes in malaria transmission.

Highlight: The skin acts as both a physical barrier and chemical defense system through antimicrobial secretions.

Definition: Phagocytosis is the process where specialized white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens.

Vocabulary: Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to specific pathogens to neutralize them.

Highlight: Memory cells remain in the body after infection, providing long-term immunity against specific pathogens.

Definition: Communicable diseases are infections that can be transmitted from one organism to another through various means including direct contact, water, and air.

Example: When an infected person sneezes, they release tiny droplets containing pathogens that can remain suspended in the air and infect others who breathe them in.

Highlight: Prevention methods include regular hand washing, surface disinfection, and proper ventilation, forming the first line of defense against pathogen spread.