Chronic Glucose Elevation and Atherosclerosis
How does diabetes cause atherosclerosis is a crucial question in understanding the long-term effects of the disease. Chronic elevation of blood glucose levels can lead to significant damage to the endothelium, the inner lining of blood vessels. This occurs when cells take in more glucose than normal, resulting in damage to the blood vessels.
Definition: Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to serious cardiovascular complications.
As a consequence of this damage, atherosclerosis may develop, potentially leading to coronary heart disease CHD, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease PVD. The impact of elevated blood glucose extends beyond large vessels. Small blood vessels can also be damaged, which may result in renal failure, hemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina, or peripheral nerve dysfunction.
Highlight: The connection between diabetes type 2 and atherosclerosis is particularly strong, as prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels accelerates the atherosclerotic process.
The regulation of blood glucose involves a complex interplay between the pancreas and the liver. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose, raising blood sugar levels. Conversely, when blood glucose is high, the pancreas releases insulin, prompting the liver to convert glucose into glycogen, thus lowering blood sugar levels.
Example: During exercise or in fight-or-flight situations, blood glucose concentrations are raised above normal levels. This is facilitated by adrenaline, which stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion.