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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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06/04/2023
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*Paper biologen Major focus topics = = |S/A: Surface Cell Structure Plant cell cell wall. 4 Structur Vacuole 4 Stucture A hoids conter Rib sorus Synthesis bigg o` cell wall 6 nucleus containfo & controls 4 genetic cell membrane Ribosomes cell membrane & what goes in & out cytoplasm where most reactions take place bacterial cell •Chloroplasts Photosynthesis Mitochond rea 4 where is produced cytoplasm chomosone /PNA genetic info, wides ・flagella 4 loco molion A Divides very quickly (every 20m) Transport in Cells Diffusion Animal cell villi ли Wit Key features ·large S/A Max ethicting Neurons 0 High concentation can be moving around inside • Can be moving in and out e.g. lungs-Abrioli, Gut - villi of Ribosomes -nucleus Palisade Mesophyll • Long thin ·large vacools da • have many Le • Lots of mitoch fong aron neuronican 4 Energy reverent travel a long & Muscle fibres distance so relax & contract L maximam night absorbt Muscle cells & low concentration. cell cells Brook definition Gases =High 0 Osmosis I definition Movement of water through a 0 9 particals dissolved so in solution Move down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration. of con 0 Partially permeable membrane, Poms an are of high to low concentration. centration & low concentration. t semipermiable Can only membrane e.g. occur Active transport root-hair cells Low concentration & Can only e.g. glucose in gut to accros G High occur through Digestive system 1 Liver - Produces Bile Gemulsifys fats & neutralises stomach acid Gaul bladder -Sloves bile 2 Small intestine - glucose, ions ect. to blood hasa Large ntestine - removes. exess water. م ما Animal tissues, Organs & Organ Systems S/A has a larges Concentration o a membrane roots take 1 minerals from soil Mouth - Mechanicaly break down food •Salivary Gland - Produces Amylays For Food oesophageos - passage Stomach- churns up food, And kills baderia, Provides environment for proteas to work. -Pancreas - produces enryms -Rectum • gett rid of waste A nus enzyms. аде з Breaks down... into Substraight Acids Pancreas Slomach, Made in... &small...
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Diet එ Cancer When cells divide uncontrollably →→ lumps Two types ! Benign tumors e.g. warts Exercise Community (Genes) - slow, harmless moles Risk factors → 1 Malignent tumors - Smoking gooddiet. un protected sex -> Photo synthesis water + carbon dioxide 64₂0 + 600₂ Fast, agressive, Mobile decreases t increask E langelx posure to sun → Plant tissues, organs & organ systems. огда light & oxygen + glucose я Co 06 + 60₂ + C6H₁₂ Pho <>Photosynthesis Its an endothermic reaction - takes in Needs! chlorophyl O Pay #7 sisuguhisgond to ope Сандићеория в гра 8⁰ Leaf Pahsade Mesophy So whe're Pho mappens guard cell. 4 where transpiration takes place % level Krate increases with % merease of CO₂ levels creas ↑ water other limiting. factors, te of reaction д сог ↑ optimal temparature I say good for your Temperature as (°C) Stomati Phloem-ions & food Leaf + roots carbon dioxide - light| other timing factors ✓ When it is dank nothin Suden no photosynthesis. Kas enzymes are denaluved energy A rate increas with Light intensity Light intensity •cuticle & waxy layer -Upper Epidermis & covers plants • Vein (xylem & Phloem). ← Spongy Mesophyll & space for gas exchange →lower epodermis & Covers plant cuticle xylem - cater roots lears. ige 8 franspiration Occurs in the leaf and This FACTORS Strong Light intensity - More higher temperature high wind more high humidity - Lower Communicable disease Pathaften 8 definition & - virus can be spread through 1 ир the xylem More I microorganisms that causes A dissease. fungi, bacteria Protist Air, touch, blood sexual fluids Salmonella Bacteria Spread through infected food Causes, Diarrhoea & vomiting can lead to severe dehydration Gonorrhea. Bacteria contracted through sexual fluids causes Measles ) thick green smelly discharge from penis or vagina, pain when urinaling, bleeding can lead to going blind virus spread by liquids droplets in air or on surfaces causes, ill feeling, cold, red eyes, high temp, rash, little damage HIV virus spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles from mother to shild, infected blood, breastfeeding Causes, Damages immune system. can lead to AIDS Tobacco Mosaic Virus. virus spread from plant to plant through reduced level leading to a lower of chlorophyl yeild causes, a Rose Black Spot Page I fungus spread by spores. 9 contact Should Page 10 causes, large Malaria Protist spread by femate mosquitos. Causes, high feaver, sweats & chills, headach vomiting, pain, diarrhoea can be lethal Vaccinations. • contain small amounts pathogen P areas of discoloration cause the plant to die + your cells memory quickly or inaclin of dead imune system to develop antibodi can now remake these antibodies If there are further infections further infections your imman system can recognise and deal with them quick " Advantages * Hand immunity * Small Poxwipped out Disadvantages * Don't always work * Painfull / side effects Monoclonal Antibodies Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. A Mouse is vaccinated to start the production of antibodies ✓ the antibodies are then collected from the spleen V A known cancerouse cell line like, Myclo coma cells then fused with the antibodies ✓ دا This then produces -hybrid cell they are grown in a laboratory till there are enengh The Anhbodies are seperated and used Required Practicals = Using a light Microscope Magnification = Image height Object height Method ! Khut uniform cubes of potatoe, Ameasure & Pagell record thier weight // arrangebtest tubes with increasing % of sucrose and place your potatoes into them I leave in for 20 minutes then remove & weight again, recording the mass and change percentage in mass as a Food Tests Iodine tests for Starch /red/ brown + Ethanolk water tests for lipids (thenol (clear in Buuret's solution tests for Protiens (ight het lily) Blue blue Black + not in water. Benedicts Solution tests for redusing sugeurs / glucose (Bright & ovarge) * water bath