Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Biology
28 Nov 2025
144
2 pages
Ever wondered what's happening beneath our feet and under the ocean? The Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped... Show more
Picture the seafloor splitting apart like a giant zip being undone - that's what happens at constructive plate boundaries. When tectonic plates diverge (pull apart), the pressure underneath drops dramatically, allowing hot magma to rise up through convection currents in the mantle.
As this magma erupts on the seafloor, it cools instantly in the cold ocean water, forming brand new rock. Over thousands of years, these continuous eruptions build up massive underwater mountain chains called ocean ridges - think of them as the Himalayas of the sea!
Rift valleys work in exactly the same way, but they form on land instead of underwater. The key difference is that rift valleys occur in continental crust rather than oceanic crust. Iceland sits right on top of one of these constructive boundaries, which explains why it's so volcanically active.
Quick Fact The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is slowly pushing Europe and America further apart by about 2.5cm every year - roughly the same rate your fingernails grow!
When plates crash into each other at destructive plate boundaries, something's got to give. The oceanic plate is denser and heavier than the continental plate, so it gets forced downwards in a process called subduction. This creates incredibly deep ocean trenches - some over 11km deep!
The Mariana Trench in the Pacific is the deepest known point on Earth, formed by this exact process. As the oceanic crust bends and sinks into the mantle, it creates these dramatic underwater valleys that could easily swallow Mount Everest.
Hotspots are like geological blowtorches - fixed points where magma plumes punch through the Earth's crust. The Hawaiian islands are a perfect example as the Pacific plate moves over a stationary hotspot, it creates a chain of volcanic islands. The youngest island (Hawaii) sits directly over the hotspot, whilst older islands have moved away and become extinct volcanoes.
Mind-Blowing If you could drain all the water from the Pacific Ocean, you'd see ocean trenches that make the Grand Canyon look like a scratch in the dirt!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
functions of the digestive system
BiologyDifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including structure, division of labor, and examples of each type. Also discusses viewing cells with compound light microscopes.
BiologyUnderstanding the composition and function of macromolecules in living organisms, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
AP BiologyExplore the effectiveness of housing management strategies in Glasgow, focusing on the Gorbals Crown Street Regeneration and Dalmarnock Clyde Gateway Project. This summary covers urban change, renewal, planning, and the socio-economic impacts of these developments, highlighting improvements in community well-being, transport access, and environmental quality.
BiologyExplore the four key processes of coastal erosion: attrition, abrasion, solution (corrosion), and hydraulic action. This summary provides a clear understanding of how these mechanisms shape coastlines, including their effects on coastal landscapes and systems. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the key features of glacial deposition, including terminal moraines, drumlins, and eskers. This summary covers the processes of glacier formation and movement, detailing how these unique landforms are created and their significance in geography. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Ever wondered what's happening beneath our feet and under the ocean? The Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped by massive tectonic plates that move, crash together, and pull apart. These movements create some of the most dramatic features on our... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Picture the seafloor splitting apart like a giant zip being undone - that's what happens at constructive plate boundaries. When tectonic plates diverge (pull apart), the pressure underneath drops dramatically, allowing hot magma to rise up through convection currents in the mantle.
As this magma erupts on the seafloor, it cools instantly in the cold ocean water, forming brand new rock. Over thousands of years, these continuous eruptions build up massive underwater mountain chains called ocean ridges - think of them as the Himalayas of the sea!
Rift valleys work in exactly the same way, but they form on land instead of underwater. The key difference is that rift valleys occur in continental crust rather than oceanic crust. Iceland sits right on top of one of these constructive boundaries, which explains why it's so volcanically active.
Quick Fact: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is slowly pushing Europe and America further apart by about 2.5cm every year - roughly the same rate your fingernails grow!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When plates crash into each other at destructive plate boundaries, something's got to give. The oceanic plate is denser and heavier than the continental plate, so it gets forced downwards in a process called subduction. This creates incredibly deep ocean trenches - some over 11km deep!
The Mariana Trench in the Pacific is the deepest known point on Earth, formed by this exact process. As the oceanic crust bends and sinks into the mantle, it creates these dramatic underwater valleys that could easily swallow Mount Everest.
Hotspots are like geological blowtorches - fixed points where magma plumes punch through the Earth's crust. The Hawaiian islands are a perfect example: as the Pacific plate moves over a stationary hotspot, it creates a chain of volcanic islands. The youngest island (Hawaii) sits directly over the hotspot, whilst older islands have moved away and become extinct volcanoes.
Mind-Blowing: If you could drain all the water from the Pacific Ocean, you'd see ocean trenches that make the Grand Canyon look like a scratch in the dirt!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
functions of the digestive system
BiologyDifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including structure, division of labor, and examples of each type. Also discusses viewing cells with compound light microscopes.
BiologyUnderstanding the composition and function of macromolecules in living organisms, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
AP BiologyExplore the effectiveness of housing management strategies in Glasgow, focusing on the Gorbals Crown Street Regeneration and Dalmarnock Clyde Gateway Project. This summary covers urban change, renewal, planning, and the socio-economic impacts of these developments, highlighting improvements in community well-being, transport access, and environmental quality.
BiologyExplore the four key processes of coastal erosion: attrition, abrasion, solution (corrosion), and hydraulic action. This summary provides a clear understanding of how these mechanisms shape coastlines, including their effects on coastal landscapes and systems. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the key features of glacial deposition, including terminal moraines, drumlins, and eskers. This summary covers the processes of glacier formation and movement, detailing how these unique landforms are created and their significance in geography. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology