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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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24/01/2023
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Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things living things have thousands of different chemical reactions going on inside them all the • reaction need to be carefully controlled - get the right amount of substances ● . ● . ● ● ● Enzymes have special shapes to they can catalyse reactions • chemical reactions usually involve things either being split apart or joined together • Every enzyme has an active site Enzymes usually only catalyse one specific reaction . This is because the substrate has to fit into it's active site. ● ● ENZYMES ● raising the temperature makes a reaction happen more quickly even unwanted ones too raising the temperature too high in a living creature can damage it's cells living things produce enzymes that act as biological catalysts enzymes are large protiens • All protiens are made up of large chains of amino acids A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction If substrate doesn't fit into active site then the reaction won't be catalysed Active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to it to get a better fit It is called the 'induced fit Enzymes need the right temperature and pH • If remperature is too high some of the bands holding the enzyme together break • Also changes shape of the enzymes active site, so the substrate won't fit anymore •...
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PH also affects enzymes. If it's too high or too low, the pH interferes with bonds and changes the shape of the active site • All enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best at often neutral pH 7 but not always for example, pepsin is an enzyme used to break down protiens in the stomack. It works best at pH 2 time Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things living things have thousands of different chemical reactions going on inside them all the • reaction need to be carefully controlled - get the right amount of substances ● . ● . ● ● ● Enzymes have special shapes to they can catalyse reactions • chemical reactions usually involve things either being split apart or joined together • Every enzyme has an active site Enzymes usually only catalyse one specific reaction . This is because the substrate has to fit into it's active site. ● ● ENZYMES ● raising the temperature makes a reaction happen more quickly - even unwanted ones too raising the temperature too high in a living creature can damage it's cells living things produce enzymes that act as biological catalysts enzymes are large protiens • All protiens are made up of large chains of amino acids A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction If substrate doesn't fit into active site then the reaction won't be catalysed Active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to it to get a better fit It is called the 'induced fit Enzymes need the right temperature and pH • If remperature is too high some of the bands holding the enzyme together break • Also changes shape of the enzymes active site, so the substrate won't fit anymore • pH also affects enzymes. If it's too high or too low, the pH interferes with bonds and changes the shape of the active site • All enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best at often neutral pH 7 but not always for example, pepsin is an enzyme used to break down protiens in the stomack. It works best at pH 2 time