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Homeostasis and response

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Coordination and control - the nervous system

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Required practical activity - the nervous system

Learn About Your Amazing Brain and Nervous System: Fun Facts and Easy Diagrams

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Learn About Your Amazing Brain and Nervous System: Fun Facts and Easy Diagrams
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Chloé Merson

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Verified Study Note

The human brain nervous system functions and hormonal control systems work together to maintain bodily homeostasis through complex networks of neurons and chemical messengers. The nervous system provides rapid responses through electrical impulses, while hormones offer slower but longer-lasting effects.

Key points:

  • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, coordinating all bodily functions
  • Types of neurons and their functions include sensory, motor, and interneurons working together to process and respond to stimuli
  • Reflex actions in the human body provide automatic protective responses without brain involvement
  • The endocrine system uses hormones as chemical messengers for longer-term regulation
  • Blood glucose regulation demonstrates the integration of nervous and hormonal control systems

12/04/2023

85

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Nerve Cells and Their Types

Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are specialized cells that form the basis of the nervous system. There are three main types of neurons:

  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor neurons

Neuron Structure

Neurons have a unique structure that allows them to transmit electrical signals efficiently:

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath

Definition: Myelin sheath - A fatty layer that insulates the axon, allowing for faster transmission of electrical impulses.

Neuron Types and Functions

  1. Sensory Neurons

    • Carry information from sense organs to the Central Nervous System (CNS)

  2. Interneurons

    • Operate within the CNS
    • Pass on responses to motor neurons

  3. Motor Neurons

    • Carry nerve messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

Highlight: The specialized structure of neurons allows for rapid and efficient transmission of electrical signals throughout the body.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Synapses and Neurotransmission

A synapse is the small gap between neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Synaptic Transmission

  1. Electrical impulses travel along neurons
  2. At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released
  3. Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap
  4. They bind to receptors on the next neuron, continuing the signal

Vocabulary: Neurotransmitters - Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

Information Flow in the Nervous System

  1. Stimuli detected by sense organs (receptors)
  2. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS
  3. Interneurons process information in the CNS
  4. Motor neurons carry signals to effectors (muscles and glands)
  5. Response is generated

Example: When you touch a hot plate, sensory neurons quickly transmit the pain signal to your CNS, which then sends a signal via motor neurons to pull your hand away.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Reflex Actions

Reflex actions are fast, automatic responses that protect the body from damage. They occur without conscious thought and cannot be controlled voluntarily.

Characteristics of Reflex Actions

  • Rapid response to specific stimuli
  • Protective or defensive role
  • Bypass the brain's conscious processing

Reflex Arc Mechanism

  1. Stimulus activates receptors in sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons carry electrical impulses to the CNS
  3. Interneurons in the CNS process the information
  4. Motor neurons carry the response to effectors (muscles or glands)
  5. Effectors carry out the response

Example: The knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of a reflex action. When the patellar tendon is tapped, it triggers a rapid extension of the leg without conscious thought.

Highlight: Reflex actions are crucial for survival, allowing the body to respond quickly to potential threats or dangers.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Hormonal Control and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is another control system in the body that uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

Key Components of the Endocrine System

  • Endocrine glands
  • Hormones
  • Target tissues

Hormone Function

  1. Hormones are produced by endocrine glands
  2. They are released into the bloodstream
  3. Hormones travel to target tissues
  4. Target cells have specific receptors for hormones
  5. Binding of hormones to receptors triggers changes in the cell

Definition: Target tissues - Specific cells or organs that respond to a particular hormone due to the presence of matching receptors.

Information Flow in the Endocrine System

  1. Secreting cells in endocrine glands produce hormones
  2. Hormones are released into the bloodstream
  3. Hormones circulate throughout the body
  4. They bind to receptors on target cells
  5. Binding triggers desired changes in the target cell

Vocabulary: Endocrine glands - Specialized structures that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Hormonal Control Examples

Insulin and Blood Sugar Regulation

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels.

Key points:

  • Blood sugar levels directly control insulin and glucagon release
  • Insulin lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake by cells
  • Glucagon raises blood sugar by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Example: When blood sugar levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, bringing blood sugar levels back to normal.

Highlight: The interplay between insulin and glucagon demonstrates the complex feedback mechanisms involved in hormonal control.

Understanding the nervous and endocrine systems is crucial for Nat 5 Biology students. These control systems work together to maintain homeostasis and allow organisms to respond to their environment. Mastering these concepts will help students excel in their National 5 Biology units and prepare for Nat 5 Biology past papers.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Hormonal Control Examples

This section details specific hormones and their roles in maintaining body homeostasis.

Example: Key hormones include:

  • Insulin: Regulates blood sugar by facilitating glucose entry into cells
  • Glucagon: Stimulates glycogen breakdown to release glucose
  • Estrogen: Regulates the menstrual cycle

Highlight: The pancreas directly controls blood sugar levels through the balanced release of insulin and glucagon.

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Blood Glucose Regulation

The regulation of blood glucose demonstrates the integration of nervous and hormonal control systems.

Definition: Blood glucose regulation is crucial for maintaining effective cellular respiration and preventing health issues.

Example: The regulation process involves:

  • Insulin lowering high blood glucose
  • Glucagon raising low blood glucose
  • Constant monitoring by the pancreas
Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

View

Nervous System Overview

The nervous system is a complex network responsible for gathering and processing information from sense organs. It consists of three main components:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves

Brain Structure and Function

The brain is divided into several key regions, each with specific functions:

  1. Cerebrum

    • Largest part of the brain
    • Interprets messages from sense organs
    • Controls memory, personality, reasoning, and conscious thought

  2. Cerebellum

    • Controls balance and coordination

  3. Medulla

    • Controls automatic actions and survival behaviors
    • Regulates heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and blinking

Highlight: The cerebrum is often referred to as the "thinking" part of the brain, while the medulla is sometimes called the "reptilian brain" due to its control of basic survival functions.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain and connects to the brain stem. It consists of nerve cells that transmit messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Vocabulary: Central Nervous System (CNS) - Comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center for the nervous system.

Example: The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column, which helps prevent damage to this vital structure.

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Notes from pages 66-71 from CGP AQA 9-1 biology

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Subjects

/

Biology

/

Homeostasis and response

/

Coordination and control - the nervous system

/

Required practical activity - the nervous system

Learn About Your Amazing Brain and Nervous System: Fun Facts and Easy Diagrams

user profile picture

Chloé Merson

@chlomerson_7

·

42 Followers

Follow

Verified Study Note

The human brain nervous system functions and hormonal control systems work together to maintain bodily homeostasis through complex networks of neurons and chemical messengers. The nervous system provides rapid responses through electrical impulses, while hormones offer slower but longer-lasting effects.

Key points:

  • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, coordinating all bodily functions
  • Types of neurons and their functions include sensory, motor, and interneurons working together to process and respond to stimuli
  • Reflex actions in the human body provide automatic protective responses without brain involvement
  • The endocrine system uses hormones as chemical messengers for longer-term regulation
  • Blood glucose regulation demonstrates the integration of nervous and hormonal control systems

12/04/2023

85

 

S3/S4

 

Biology

9

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Nerve Cells and Their Types

Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are specialized cells that form the basis of the nervous system. There are three main types of neurons:

  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor neurons

Neuron Structure

Neurons have a unique structure that allows them to transmit electrical signals efficiently:

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath

Definition: Myelin sheath - A fatty layer that insulates the axon, allowing for faster transmission of electrical impulses.

Neuron Types and Functions

  1. Sensory Neurons

    • Carry information from sense organs to the Central Nervous System (CNS)

  2. Interneurons

    • Operate within the CNS
    • Pass on responses to motor neurons

  3. Motor Neurons

    • Carry nerve messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

Highlight: The specialized structure of neurons allows for rapid and efficient transmission of electrical signals throughout the body.

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Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Synapses and Neurotransmission

A synapse is the small gap between neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Synaptic Transmission

  1. Electrical impulses travel along neurons
  2. At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released
  3. Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap
  4. They bind to receptors on the next neuron, continuing the signal

Vocabulary: Neurotransmitters - Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

Information Flow in the Nervous System

  1. Stimuli detected by sense organs (receptors)
  2. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS
  3. Interneurons process information in the CNS
  4. Motor neurons carry signals to effectors (muscles and glands)
  5. Response is generated

Example: When you touch a hot plate, sensory neurons quickly transmit the pain signal to your CNS, which then sends a signal via motor neurons to pull your hand away.

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Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Reflex Actions

Reflex actions are fast, automatic responses that protect the body from damage. They occur without conscious thought and cannot be controlled voluntarily.

Characteristics of Reflex Actions

  • Rapid response to specific stimuli
  • Protective or defensive role
  • Bypass the brain's conscious processing

Reflex Arc Mechanism

  1. Stimulus activates receptors in sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons carry electrical impulses to the CNS
  3. Interneurons in the CNS process the information
  4. Motor neurons carry the response to effectors (muscles or glands)
  5. Effectors carry out the response

Example: The knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of a reflex action. When the patellar tendon is tapped, it triggers a rapid extension of the leg without conscious thought.

Highlight: Reflex actions are crucial for survival, allowing the body to respond quickly to potential threats or dangers.

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App

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Hormonal Control and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is another control system in the body that uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

Key Components of the Endocrine System

  • Endocrine glands
  • Hormones
  • Target tissues

Hormone Function

  1. Hormones are produced by endocrine glands
  2. They are released into the bloodstream
  3. Hormones travel to target tissues
  4. Target cells have specific receptors for hormones
  5. Binding of hormones to receptors triggers changes in the cell

Definition: Target tissues - Specific cells or organs that respond to a particular hormone due to the presence of matching receptors.

Information Flow in the Endocrine System

  1. Secreting cells in endocrine glands produce hormones
  2. Hormones are released into the bloodstream
  3. Hormones circulate throughout the body
  4. They bind to receptors on target cells
  5. Binding triggers desired changes in the target cell

Vocabulary: Endocrine glands - Specialized structures that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Join milions of students

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Hormonal Control Examples

Insulin and Blood Sugar Regulation

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels.

Key points:

  • Blood sugar levels directly control insulin and glucagon release
  • Insulin lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake by cells
  • Glucagon raises blood sugar by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Example: When blood sugar levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, bringing blood sugar levels back to normal.

Highlight: The interplay between insulin and glucagon demonstrates the complex feedback mechanisms involved in hormonal control.

Understanding the nervous and endocrine systems is crucial for Nat 5 Biology students. These control systems work together to maintain homeostasis and allow organisms to respond to their environment. Mastering these concepts will help students excel in their National 5 Biology units and prepare for Nat 5 Biology past papers.

Sign up for free!

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Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Hormonal Control Examples

This section details specific hormones and their roles in maintaining body homeostasis.

Example: Key hormones include:

  • Insulin: Regulates blood sugar by facilitating glucose entry into cells
  • Glucagon: Stimulates glycogen breakdown to release glucose
  • Estrogen: Regulates the menstrual cycle

Highlight: The pancreas directly controls blood sugar levels through the balanced release of insulin and glucagon.

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App

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Blood Glucose Regulation

The regulation of blood glucose demonstrates the integration of nervous and hormonal control systems.

Definition: Blood glucose regulation is crucial for maintaining effective cellular respiration and preventing health issues.

Example: The regulation process involves:

  • Insulin lowering high blood glucose
  • Glucagon raising low blood glucose
  • Constant monitoring by the pancreas

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Dec Prelim 93 $1,00 937. Control & Communication Nervous control The nervous system gathers and uses information from sense. ▼ organs. : The

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Nervous System Overview

The nervous system is a complex network responsible for gathering and processing information from sense organs. It consists of three main components:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves

Brain Structure and Function

The brain is divided into several key regions, each with specific functions:

  1. Cerebrum

    • Largest part of the brain
    • Interprets messages from sense organs
    • Controls memory, personality, reasoning, and conscious thought

  2. Cerebellum

    • Controls balance and coordination

  3. Medulla

    • Controls automatic actions and survival behaviors
    • Regulates heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and blinking

Highlight: The cerebrum is often referred to as the "thinking" part of the brain, while the medulla is sometimes called the "reptilian brain" due to its control of basic survival functions.

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain and connects to the brain stem. It consists of nerve cells that transmit messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Vocabulary: Central Nervous System (CNS) - Comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center for the nervous system.

Example: The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column, which helps prevent damage to this vital structure.

Sign up for free!

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

15 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.