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3 Jan 2026

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2 pages

Exploring Cells Through Microscopes

holly brook

@hollybrook_shcj

Dive into the fascinating world of cells and microscopes, where... Show more

Cells and Microscopes

Plant and animal cells share many structures but have key differences. Animal cells have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells have all these plus a rigid cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

We study cells using different types of microscopes. Light microscopes use light and lenses to see individual cells and larger structures like nuclei. Electron microscopes offer much higher magnification and resolution by using electrons instead of light, allowing us to see tiny structures like ribosomes and the internal details of mitochondria.

When working with microscopes, you'll need to calculate magnification using this formula: Magnification = image size ÷ real size. You can rearrange this to find image size (magnification × real size) or real size (image size ÷ magnification). Remember your unit conversions too: 1cm = 10mm = 10,000 micrometres.

Pro tip: When converting between units for microscopy calculations, write down the conversion steps to avoid mistakes. This skill comes up frequently in exams!

Specialised Cells

Specialised cells have differentiated to perform specific functions in the body. They develop unique features that help them do their jobs effectively. You encounter these fascinating adaptations throughout living organisms!

Sperm cells are built for reproduction with streamlined heads and powerful tails for swimming to the egg. They contain loads of mitochondria for energy and enzymes in their heads to penetrate the egg. Meanwhile, nerve cells excel at rapid signalling with their long structure and branched connections that form networks throughout the body.

Other examples include muscle cells (long with many mitochondria for contraction energy), root hair cells (with large surface areas to absorb water and minerals), and plant transport cells (xylem and phloem, which are hollow or have few structures to allow substances to flow through).

Cell differentiation is the remarkable process by which a cell changes to become specialised. During differentiation, cells develop different subcellular structures and characteristics that enable them to perform specific functions. This specialisation is what allows complex organisms to have different tissues and organs.

Remember this: Though specialised cells look very different from each other, they all started from the same type of cell. Differentiation is what gives them their unique abilities!

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3 Jan 2026

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2 pages

Exploring Cells Through Microscopes

holly brook

@hollybrook_shcj

Dive into the fascinating world of cells and microscopes, where you'll discover how tiny structures work together to support life. Understanding cell structure and specialisation is key to unlocking how living organisms function at their most basic level.

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Cells and Microscopes

Pro tip: When converting between units for microscopy calculations, write down the conversion steps to avoid mistakes. This skill comes up frequently in exams!

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Specialised Cells

Remember this: Though specialised cells look very different from each other, they all started from the same type of cell. Differentiation is what gives them their unique abilities!