Cell Structures and Functions

Alternative transcript:

organism alive. NUCLEUS LYSOSOME NUCLEOLUS Ju NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 0 GOLGI APPARATUS VACUOLE -RIBOSOMES Ribosome: A small organelle that produces proteins. These proteins are based of the information given to the Ribosomes by the organism's nucleic acids. Ribosomes are told which protein to make according to the cell that they reside in. Cell Structure and Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum: This is composed of flat sacs and tubes that package proteins, transport materials through the cytoplasm, and get rid of waste that builds up within the cell from other organelles. Ribosomes can attach themselves to the walls of the Cell's ER. This allows them to make protein and then immediately package it and send it off to where it needs to go. Vacuole: Vacuoles help by storing water and nutrients until the cell needs them. They also provide space for waste. Nuc Mitochondria: These are some of the most critical organelles. In the mitochondria oxygen and sugars from food react in a series of chemical reactions to create energy. Just as ribosomes create different proteins depending what type of cell they're in, mitochondria show up in various amounts depending on the type of cell. Muscle cells, which require the most energy have the most mitochondria of all cells. Some cells, such as red blood cells have no mitochondria. Chromatin, Lysosomes: A lysosome is like a sac that contains enzymes that break down any kind of food, cell waste, or destroyed foreign organisms, such as bacteria or viruses. If waste products of the cell need to be disposed of, the Golgi Apparatus will bring them to the lysosomes. Nuclealus Golgi Apparatus: This works closely with the ER. These organelles are flat sacs that temporarily store, package and transport materials through and out of the cell. If a cell is injured or damaged, lysosomes release their enzymes into the cytoplasm, digesting the cell from within. The Nucleus is the brain of the cell because it contains the information needed to conduct most of the cell's functions. It is usually the largest and most important organelle in the animal cell. In healthy cells, the nucleus contains Chromatin, which are tightly wound strands of DNA, which contains genetic code. This genetic information is passed down when the cells reproduce. Nucleolus: Nuclear envelope Nuclear Nuclear Membrane: This membrane is different from that of other organelles, as the nuclear membrane has two layers offering it extra protection. The Nuclear Membrane also contains pores so materials can pass in and out of the Nucleus. This creates Ribosomal RNA. RNA exists to read and carry out instructions given in DNA. Unlike DNA, which is trapped within the Nucleus, RNA is able to leave through the openings in the Nuclear Membrane to deliver instructions. Cell Structure and Function: A Typical Plant Cell CELL CELL MEMBRANE WALL CHLOROPLAST 1.0 GOLGI APPARATUS RIBOSOMES ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM 875 NUCLEOLUS MITOCHONDRION VACUOLE 0 Cells in fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea also have cell walls. However, their cell walls are composed of different materials. For example, Bacteria Cell Walls are made of a sugar - Amino Acid polymer called Peptidoglycan. Cell Wall: A plant's cell wall lies outside of the membrane, and behaves like the cell's shield, protecting it. It also act likes the plant's skeleton, giving it structure and keeping it upright. Cell walls are still semi-permeable as cells need to bring materials within these walls. Plant cell walls are made up of a carbohydrate called Cellulose. The main difference between animal cells and plant cells is their structure. Without a rigid cell wall, animal cells can stretch and bend and can take multiple shapes. There are over 200 kinds of Animal Cells, but much fewer plant cells. The vacuoles of plant cells are also much larger than those of animal cells, due to how the plant has to store water and generate its own food. Also, plant cells have chloroplasts and animal cells do not. Plants contain the same organelles that animal cells have, but they have two additional organelles. Chloroplasts: Plants use Light and Carbon Dioxide to generate glucose through photosynthesis. This process happens in the Chloroplasts, which contain Chlorophyll, the substance that powers synthesis. Chlorophyll is also the pigment that gives green plants their colour. Chloroplasts are natural solar panels. Like solar panels, chloroplasts use the light of the sun to create energy.