Cell biology explores the fundamental building blocks of life and... Show more
SociologySign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
1
0
เญจเญง๐๐๐๐๐๐เญจเญง
03/12/2025
Biology
Cell Organization Notes| Part 1
23
โข
3 Dec 2025
โข
Cell Organization Study Notes | Comprehensive Part 1
เญจเญง๐๐๐๐๐๐เญจเญง
@iam_shalom
1 / 3
Cells: The Building Blocks of Life
Ever wondered what you're actually made of? The answer is cells! These tiny structures are the building blocks of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, and fungi. They contain a nucleus and other organelles with specific functions. Animal cells contain several important structures: the nucleus (which controls the cell), cytoplasm (where chemical reactions occur), cell membrane (which supports and contains the cell), mitochondria (where energy is produced), and ribosomes (where proteins are made).
Plant cells have all the same features as animal cells plus three extra structures: a rigid cell wall for support, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place.
Did you know? Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that don't have a nucleus! Instead, they have a circular string of DNA floating in their cytoplasm. This simple structure doesn't stop them being incredibly successful organisms!
Cell Differentiation and Specialisation
Your body contains billions of cells, but they're not all identical! Cell differentiation is the fascinating process where cells change to become specialised for specific jobs. As cells differentiate, their internal structures change to help them perform their unique functions.
Most animal cells lose their ability to differentiate once they've specialised, which is why some injuries can't heal completely. Plant cells, however, retain this ability throughout their lives, which is why plants can often regrow entire structures! In mature animals, stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can replace or repair damaged specialised cells.
Specialised cells have amazing adaptations for their functions. Sperm cells have a streamlined head and lots of mitochondria for energy to swim. Nerve cells have long extensions to carry signals quickly across your body. Muscle cells are packed with mitochondria for the energy to contract. In plants, root hair cells have long projections to absorb water, while xylem and phloem cells form tubes to transport substances throughout the plant.
Remember this: The structure of a specialised cell is directly linked to its function. Looking at a cell's features can tell you a lot about what it does!
Chromosomes and Mitosis
Did you know that nearly every cell in your body contains a complete set of instructions to build you? These instructions are stored in chromosomes - coiled-up DNA molecules found in the nucleus. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, with half coming from each parent.
The cell cycle is how your body grows and repairs itself. During this cycle, cells divide through a process called mitosis to create identical daughter cells. Before division can happen, a cell must grow to full size and make copies of all its structures like mitochondria and ribosomes.
When mitosis begins, the DNA replicates itself and condenses into X-shaped chromosomes. These chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are pulled apart by cell fibres. New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, creating two nuclei. Finally, the cell membrane and cytoplasm divide, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Amazing fact: Your body creates millions of new cells every day through mitosis! This process must be incredibly accurate - even small mistakes in copying DNA can lead to problems.
We thought youโd never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
Most popular content: Biological Foundations
Most popular content in Biology
Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us โ and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Cell Organization Study Notes | Comprehensive Part 1
เญจเญง๐๐๐๐๐๐เญจเญง
@iam_shalom
Cell biology explores the fundamental building blocks of life and how they function. From basic cell structures to specialized cell types and cell division, understanding these concepts helps us see how complex life forms develop and operate.
Cells: The Building Blocks of Life
Ever wondered what you're actually made of? The answer is cells! These tiny structures are the building blocks of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, and fungi. They contain a nucleus and other organelles with specific functions. Animal cells contain several important structures: the nucleus (which controls the cell), cytoplasm (where chemical reactions occur), cell membrane (which supports and contains the cell), mitochondria (where energy is produced), and ribosomes (where proteins are made).
Plant cells have all the same features as animal cells plus three extra structures: a rigid cell wall for support, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place.
Did you know? Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that don't have a nucleus! Instead, they have a circular string of DNA floating in their cytoplasm. This simple structure doesn't stop them being incredibly successful organisms!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cell Differentiation and Specialisation
Your body contains billions of cells, but they're not all identical! Cell differentiation is the fascinating process where cells change to become specialised for specific jobs. As cells differentiate, their internal structures change to help them perform their unique functions.
Most animal cells lose their ability to differentiate once they've specialised, which is why some injuries can't heal completely. Plant cells, however, retain this ability throughout their lives, which is why plants can often regrow entire structures! In mature animals, stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can replace or repair damaged specialised cells.
Specialised cells have amazing adaptations for their functions. Sperm cells have a streamlined head and lots of mitochondria for energy to swim. Nerve cells have long extensions to carry signals quickly across your body. Muscle cells are packed with mitochondria for the energy to contract. In plants, root hair cells have long projections to absorb water, while xylem and phloem cells form tubes to transport substances throughout the plant.
Remember this: The structure of a specialised cell is directly linked to its function. Looking at a cell's features can tell you a lot about what it does!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chromosomes and Mitosis
Did you know that nearly every cell in your body contains a complete set of instructions to build you? These instructions are stored in chromosomes - coiled-up DNA molecules found in the nucleus. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, with half coming from each parent.
The cell cycle is how your body grows and repairs itself. During this cycle, cells divide through a process called mitosis to create identical daughter cells. Before division can happen, a cell must grow to full size and make copies of all its structures like mitochondria and ribosomes.
When mitosis begins, the DNA replicates itself and condenses into X-shaped chromosomes. These chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are pulled apart by cell fibres. New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, creating two nuclei. Finally, the cell membrane and cytoplasm divide, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Amazing fact: Your body creates millions of new cells every day through mitosis! This process must be incredibly accurate - even small mistakes in copying DNA can lead to problems.
We thought youโd never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content: Biological Foundations
Most popular content in Biology
Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us โ and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user