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Biology Notes: Coordination, Control, and Respiration for AQA and CCEA

4

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G

gem_keysie

30/11/2025

Biology

Biology AQA and CCEA coordination and control and respiration

224

30 Nov 2025

13 pages

Biology Notes: Coordination, Control, and Respiration for AQA and CCEA

G

gem_keysie

@gem_keysie

Ever wondered how your body gets energy from food, or... Show more

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1 / 10
Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Cell Respiration and Energy Production

Your body is constantly making energy through cellular respiration - a series of chemical reactions happening in every single cell. This process takes place in the mitochondria, the cell's powerhouse structures.

Aerobic respiration is the main way cells make energy when oxygen is available. The equation is simple: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+energyC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat energy.

When oxygen runs short, cells switch to anaerobic respiration. In yeast, this produces alcohol and carbon dioxide - which is why bread rises! In human muscles, it creates lactic acid, which causes that burning feeling during intense exercise.

Key Point: Your cells use energy for movement, growth, reproduction, heat production, and transporting substances around your body.

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Anaerobic Respiration and Yeast Experiments

Human muscles can only survive on anaerobic respiration for short periods. When muscles run out of oxygen during intense activity, they produce lactic acid, which can cause cramps - that's your body telling you to slow down!

Scientists test how different factors affect yeast respiration through simple experiments. Temperature affects how quickly yeast works - they mix yeast with glucose, place it in water baths at different temperatures, and measure gas bubble changes over 30 minutes.

Sugar type also matters for yeast activity. Researchers test different sugars (glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose, and sucrose) with yeast at 30°C to see which ones produce the most gas bubbles.

Remember: Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy than aerobic respiration, which is why you can't sprint forever!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

The Respiratory System Structure

Your respiratory system is vital for getting oxygen in and removing poisonous carbon dioxide. Air enters through your nasal cavity and travels through a network of specialised structures, each with important jobs.

Key structures include the trachea (windpipe with muscle rings), bronchi (two main tubes to each lung), and bronchioles (smaller branches leading to air sacs). The alveoli are where gas exchange actually happens, whilst intercostal muscles between your ribs help you breathe.

Breathing mechanics work like a pump system. When you inhale, intercostal muscles contract, your rib cage moves up and out, and your diaphragm moves down. This increases chest volume and decreases pressure, drawing air into your lungs.

Physics Connection: Volume ↑ = Pressure ↓. This relationship drives all breathing movements!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Gas Exchange and Respiratory Adaptations

Gas exchange happens in the alveoli where oxygen enters red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide travels in blood plasma and red blood cells to be expelled.

Respiratory surfaces have amazing adaptations for efficient gas exchange. They have a large surface area (millions of alveoli), thin walls (only 2 cell layers), and moist, permeable surfaces that help gases dissolve and pass through easily.

The system maintains a good blood supply through capillaries surrounding alveoli, creating concentration gradients that encourage oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. Continuous breathing keeps these gradients strong.

Plant Connection: Plants use cells around air spaces for gas exchange - they follow the same principles of thin, moist, permeable surfaces!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Nervous System Basics and Response Types

Your body has two communication systems working together: the nervous system (acts rapidly) and the hormonal system (acts slowly, like testosterone taking years to work). Both help you respond to stimuli - changes in your environment.

The basic response pathway is: stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response. For example, a loud bang triggers sound receptors, your brain coordinates, and muscles make you jump. Your behaviour is the overall pattern of these responses.

The nervous system splits into the central nervous system CNSbrainandspinalcordCNS - brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting your body to the CNS). This organisation allows rapid communication throughout your body.

Speed Matters: Nervous responses happen in milliseconds, whilst hormonal responses can take hours, days, or even years!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Neurones and Nerve Impulses

Your nervous system contains millions of neurones that carry electrical nerve impulses. There are three main types: sensory neurones (carry signals from receptors to CNS), motor neurones (carry signals to muscles), and association neurones (connect sensory and motor neurones in the CNS).

Neurones have special adaptations for their job. The myelin sheath acts like electrical insulation, speeding up impulses. Long axons let single cells transmit signals across large distances, whilst branched endings allow connections with other nerve cells.

The cell body contains the nucleus and most cytoplasm, controlling the neurone's activities. These adaptations make neurones incredibly efficient at rapid, long-distance communication within your body.

Engineering Marvel: A single motor neurone can stretch from your spinal cord to your toes - that's nearly a metre in one cell!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Synapses and Chemical Transmission

Synapses are tiny gaps between neurones that act as junctions. When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, it triggers the release of neurotransmitter chemicals (NTC) that diffuse across the gap to the next neurone.

The process works in five steps: impulse reaches neurone end → transmitter chemical released → NTC diffuses across gap → binds with receptors → starts impulse in next neurone. The neurotransmitter and receptor have complementary shapes, like a lock and key.

Synapses might slow transmission slightly, but they provide crucial control points in the nervous system. This allows your brain to filter and process information rather than just passing everything through automatically.

Chemical Precision: Neurotransmitters must have exactly the right shape to fit their receptors - even tiny changes can stop signals completely!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Voluntary Actions and Reflex Arcs

Voluntary actions are movements you choose to make involving conscious thought, whilst reflex actions happen automatically without thinking. Reflexes are much faster because they bypass the brain entirely.

The withdrawal reflex demonstrates this perfectly. When you touch something hot, pain receptors trigger a reflex arc involving only three neurones through the spinal cord. The pathway goes: stimulus → sensory neurone → association neurone → motor neurone → muscle contraction.

This reflex system uses the spinal cord's grey matter (containing association neurones) and white matter (nerve fibres carrying impulses up and down). The brain isn't involved because it would be too slow for emergency responses.

Speed Advantage: Reflexes can happen in just 0.2 seconds - much faster than voluntary movements that need brain processing!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Eye Structure and Vision

Your eye is an incredible biological camera with specialised parts for detecting and focusing light. The cornea is the transparent front layer that lets light in, whilst the pupil is the opening controlled by the iris muscles.

Key structures include the lens (bends light rays), retina containslightsensitivereceptorcellscontains light-sensitive receptor cells, and optic nerve (carries electrical signals to your brain). The aqueous humour and vitreous humour are fluids that maintain eye pressure and shape.

The conjunctiva provides protection, keeping dust and dirt away from the delicate cornea. The choroid and sclera form the eye's outer layers, whilst the fovea is the retina's most sensitive spot for detailed vision.

Amazing Fact: Your retina contains over 120 million light receptor cells working together to create your vision!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Accommodation and Pupil Control

Accommodation is how your eye focuses on objects at different distances by changing the lens shape. Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work together like an automatic focusing system.

For near objects, ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments go slack, and the lens becomes more rounded for greater refraction. For far objects, ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten, and the lens becomes thinner for less refraction.

The pupillary reflex controls light intensity entering your eye. In dim light, radial muscles contract to widen the pupil. In bright light, circular muscles contract to narrow the pupil, protecting delicate retinal cells from damage.

Smart Design: Your eyes automatically adjust focus and light levels in milliseconds - no conscious thought required!



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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

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Thomas R

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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

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Greenlight Bonnie

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Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

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Biology

224

30 Nov 2025

13 pages

Biology Notes: Coordination, Control, and Respiration for AQA and CCEA

G

gem_keysie

@gem_keysie

Ever wondered how your body gets energy from food, or how your eyes automatically adjust to bright light? This study guide covers three essential biological systems: cellular respiration (how cells make energy), the respiratory system (how you breathe), and the... Show more

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Cell Respiration and Energy Production

Your body is constantly making energy through cellular respiration - a series of chemical reactions happening in every single cell. This process takes place in the mitochondria, the cell's powerhouse structures.

Aerobic respiration is the main way cells make energy when oxygen is available. The equation is simple: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+energyC₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat energy.

When oxygen runs short, cells switch to anaerobic respiration. In yeast, this produces alcohol and carbon dioxide - which is why bread rises! In human muscles, it creates lactic acid, which causes that burning feeling during intense exercise.

Key Point: Your cells use energy for movement, growth, reproduction, heat production, and transporting substances around your body.

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

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Anaerobic Respiration and Yeast Experiments

Human muscles can only survive on anaerobic respiration for short periods. When muscles run out of oxygen during intense activity, they produce lactic acid, which can cause cramps - that's your body telling you to slow down!

Scientists test how different factors affect yeast respiration through simple experiments. Temperature affects how quickly yeast works - they mix yeast with glucose, place it in water baths at different temperatures, and measure gas bubble changes over 30 minutes.

Sugar type also matters for yeast activity. Researchers test different sugars (glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose, and sucrose) with yeast at 30°C to see which ones produce the most gas bubbles.

Remember: Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy than aerobic respiration, which is why you can't sprint forever!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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The Respiratory System Structure

Your respiratory system is vital for getting oxygen in and removing poisonous carbon dioxide. Air enters through your nasal cavity and travels through a network of specialised structures, each with important jobs.

Key structures include the trachea (windpipe with muscle rings), bronchi (two main tubes to each lung), and bronchioles (smaller branches leading to air sacs). The alveoli are where gas exchange actually happens, whilst intercostal muscles between your ribs help you breathe.

Breathing mechanics work like a pump system. When you inhale, intercostal muscles contract, your rib cage moves up and out, and your diaphragm moves down. This increases chest volume and decreases pressure, drawing air into your lungs.

Physics Connection: Volume ↑ = Pressure ↓. This relationship drives all breathing movements!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

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Gas Exchange and Respiratory Adaptations

Gas exchange happens in the alveoli where oxygen enters red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide travels in blood plasma and red blood cells to be expelled.

Respiratory surfaces have amazing adaptations for efficient gas exchange. They have a large surface area (millions of alveoli), thin walls (only 2 cell layers), and moist, permeable surfaces that help gases dissolve and pass through easily.

The system maintains a good blood supply through capillaries surrounding alveoli, creating concentration gradients that encourage oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. Continuous breathing keeps these gradients strong.

Plant Connection: Plants use cells around air spaces for gas exchange - they follow the same principles of thin, moist, permeable surfaces!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Nervous System Basics and Response Types

Your body has two communication systems working together: the nervous system (acts rapidly) and the hormonal system (acts slowly, like testosterone taking years to work). Both help you respond to stimuli - changes in your environment.

The basic response pathway is: stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response. For example, a loud bang triggers sound receptors, your brain coordinates, and muscles make you jump. Your behaviour is the overall pattern of these responses.

The nervous system splits into the central nervous system CNSbrainandspinalcordCNS - brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting your body to the CNS). This organisation allows rapid communication throughout your body.

Speed Matters: Nervous responses happen in milliseconds, whilst hormonal responses can take hours, days, or even years!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Neurones and Nerve Impulses

Your nervous system contains millions of neurones that carry electrical nerve impulses. There are three main types: sensory neurones (carry signals from receptors to CNS), motor neurones (carry signals to muscles), and association neurones (connect sensory and motor neurones in the CNS).

Neurones have special adaptations for their job. The myelin sheath acts like electrical insulation, speeding up impulses. Long axons let single cells transmit signals across large distances, whilst branched endings allow connections with other nerve cells.

The cell body contains the nucleus and most cytoplasm, controlling the neurone's activities. These adaptations make neurones incredibly efficient at rapid, long-distance communication within your body.

Engineering Marvel: A single motor neurone can stretch from your spinal cord to your toes - that's nearly a metre in one cell!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Synapses and Chemical Transmission

Synapses are tiny gaps between neurones that act as junctions. When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, it triggers the release of neurotransmitter chemicals (NTC) that diffuse across the gap to the next neurone.

The process works in five steps: impulse reaches neurone end → transmitter chemical released → NTC diffuses across gap → binds with receptors → starts impulse in next neurone. The neurotransmitter and receptor have complementary shapes, like a lock and key.

Synapses might slow transmission slightly, but they provide crucial control points in the nervous system. This allows your brain to filter and process information rather than just passing everything through automatically.

Chemical Precision: Neurotransmitters must have exactly the right shape to fit their receptors - even tiny changes can stop signals completely!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Voluntary Actions and Reflex Arcs

Voluntary actions are movements you choose to make involving conscious thought, whilst reflex actions happen automatically without thinking. Reflexes are much faster because they bypass the brain entirely.

The withdrawal reflex demonstrates this perfectly. When you touch something hot, pain receptors trigger a reflex arc involving only three neurones through the spinal cord. The pathway goes: stimulus → sensory neurone → association neurone → motor neurone → muscle contraction.

This reflex system uses the spinal cord's grey matter (containing association neurones) and white matter (nerve fibres carrying impulses up and down). The brain isn't involved because it would be too slow for emergency responses.

Speed Advantage: Reflexes can happen in just 0.2 seconds - much faster than voluntary movements that need brain processing!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Eye Structure and Vision

Your eye is an incredible biological camera with specialised parts for detecting and focusing light. The cornea is the transparent front layer that lets light in, whilst the pupil is the opening controlled by the iris muscles.

Key structures include the lens (bends light rays), retina containslightsensitivereceptorcellscontains light-sensitive receptor cells, and optic nerve (carries electrical signals to your brain). The aqueous humour and vitreous humour are fluids that maintain eye pressure and shape.

The conjunctiva provides protection, keeping dust and dirt away from the delicate cornea. The choroid and sclera form the eye's outer layers, whilst the fovea is the retina's most sensitive spot for detailed vision.

Amazing Fact: Your retina contains over 120 million light receptor cells working together to create your vision!

Za²-lab+8ab-
a(23-b)+4b(2a-b)
the following
synthesis
Photosynthesis
Ce
a phy
tran:
light
P-MTELO
with ma
plasts
P.S.
Leaf Structure and Pho

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Accommodation and Pupil Control

Accommodation is how your eye focuses on objects at different distances by changing the lens shape. Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work together like an automatic focusing system.

For near objects, ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments go slack, and the lens becomes more rounded for greater refraction. For far objects, ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten, and the lens becomes thinner for less refraction.

The pupillary reflex controls light intensity entering your eye. In dim light, radial muscles contract to widen the pupil. In bright light, circular muscles contract to narrow the pupil, protecting delicate retinal cells from damage.

Smart Design: Your eyes automatically adjust focus and light levels in milliseconds - no conscious thought required!

We thought you’d never ask...

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Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

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Explore key concepts in biology focusing on homeostasis, hormonal coordination, and the structure and function of the eye. This comprehensive summary covers essential topics such as the nervous and endocrine systems, blood glucose regulation, and plant responses. Ideal for higher-tier students preparing for exams.

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Homeostasis & Hormonal Control

Explore the mechanisms of homeostasis and hormonal regulation in the human body. This study note covers key concepts such as blood glucose control, the menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, and the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems. Ideal for GCSE Combined Science students preparing for Biology Paper 2.

BiologyBiology
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Homeostasis & Hormonal Control

Explore the intricate systems of homeostasis and hormonal control in this comprehensive study note. Covering key concepts such as the menstrual cycle, nervous and endocrine systems, negative feedback mechanisms, and blood glucose regulation, this resource is essential for GCSE AQA Biology students. Understand how the body maintains stability through hormonal coordination and reflex actions.

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Homeostasis Mechanisms Explained

Explore the essential mechanisms of homeostasis, including the regulation of internal conditions, enzyme functioning, and the role of negative feedback loops. This summary covers how control systems and receptors work together to maintain optimal body conditions, ensuring metabolic reactions function effectively. Ideal for students studying biology and physiology.

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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