Variation, Evolution and Natural Selection
Mutations are random DNA changes that create new genetic variants. Most mutations barely affect you, but occasionally they dramatically alter characteristics - like causing cystic fibrosis through faulty salt and water transport proteins.
Natural selection drives evolution through "survival of the fittest." Organisms best suited to their environment survive, reproduce, and pass on beneficial genes. Over generations, these advantageous characteristics become common throughout the species.
Speciation occurs when populations change so much they can't interbreed anymore - essentially becoming new species. Meanwhile, extinction happens when species can't adapt fast enough to environmental changes, new diseases, or competition.
Evolution Insight: It's not about being strongest or fastest - it's about being best adapted to your specific environment.