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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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06/10/2023
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C/W Spec points: B5.1a B5.1b B5: Introduction to Genetics 1 + 2 explain the following terms: gamete, chromosome, gene, allele/variant, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype and phenotype describe the genome as the entire genetic material of an organism Can you still? 1. Draw a labelled diagram of an animal cell including: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chromosomes, mitochondria and ribosomes. 2. Add detail to each to explain their functions. 10 mins Getting Started: What is a gene? Sketch this simple diagram and label the scientific names for the 'rungs' and the 'backbone'. HINT: Think back to B2 Key words: Gamete Allele Dominant Recessive DATE Homozygous Heterozygous Homologous Genotype Phenotype Base The nucleus contains DNA, which codes for proteins. The nucleus controls the activities of the cells. DNA is organised into chromosomes. Ribosomes make protein in the cytoplasm using the code from DNA. These proteins make everything in the cell, organs and most things in the body. Nucleus Ribosomes Cell membrane Cell membranes controls what substances go in and out of the cell. ណ [លោ លោល Chemical reactions and cell activities happen in the cytoplasm, like making protein. Its in the cytoplasm that the nucleus and mitochondria can be found. (chloroplasts and vacuole in plants too) Cytoplasm Mitochondria The mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration Respiration happens here... Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy! Energy is released to allow the cell to work. Base pairs Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Sugar phosphate backbone Q. Where do we find chromosomes?? A - Cytoplasm B-Cell membrane C - Nucleus Task: Sketch a diagram of the organisation of genetic material with all...
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key words Cell Nucleus Chromosome DNA 10000 Section of DNA is a gene Task: Add descriptions to the key structures in your diagram The cell is the basic functional unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. The central part of eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material and is enclosed in a membrane. Cell Nucleus Chromosome DNA 10000 Chromosomes are tightly packaged DNA molecules. GENES - code for proteins which determine our characteristics What is DNA? • Double helix structure ● • Bases: A TCG ● Sugar-phosphate backbone A and T match • C and G match ● ● Complementary base pairs! The genome is the genetic material of an organism Base pairs Adenine Thymine. Guanine Sugar phosphate backbone Cytosine What are chromosomes? Chromosomes are long strands of genetic information located in the nuclei of cells. 0 Chromosomes are most visible during cell division when they replicate and look like this... X You will see chromosomes represented both ways. RECAP from B2: What is mitosis? gene A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. chromosome DNA helix * backbone base pairs bases Homologous chromosomes In most cells chromosomes are matched in pairs based on their size and shape. chromosome from female parent chromosome from male parent homologous chromosomes Matching pairs of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Where do homologous chromosomes come from? Each pair of homologous chromosomes contains one chromosome that has been inherited from each parent. Human chromosomes In human body cells there are a total of 46 chromosomes. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are there in human body cells? 23 pairs of chromosomes So... 46 chromosomes in TOTAL You inherit half your chromosomes from your mother and half from your father. How many chromosomes do you inherit from each parent? 23 unpaired chromosomes Summary so far... K 6 13 19 14 20 8 18 15 21 || 3 9 16 22 11 if 5 10 al 11 17 12 18 Y Chromosomes are made up of DNA 23 pairs of chromosomes They are paired up - homologous pairs • Total of 46 chromosomes in human body cells. Genes and Alleles EXIT DE chromosomes of the same type are the same size and have the same genes in the same order - different genes different alleles of the same gene E Chromosomes contain different genes, which exist as different alleles. Alleles: • A different form of the same gene • Same gene with slightly different instructions to create variation (blue eyes; brown eyes) • There are many alleles of the same gene in the population • Two copies of every chromosome; two copies of every gene; each copy of a gene may be a different allele variation!!!! D 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 5 6 Allele = 2 versions of the book! You can think of chromosomes 1 1 1 1 1 12 13 14 15 as a set of books. Each book (chromosome) contains a set of 8 9 10 11 12 2014 1 16 2 sentences giving instructions (genes). All of the books together contain all of the instructions needed to produce a certain organism. TACCGCG This book Chromosomes contains = books! for ye eight ht and G nose shape ACCTTATA Genes = instructions! Alleles An allele is a different form of the same gene. • 2 alleles the SAME = homozygous • 2 alleles DIFFERENT = heterozygous If someone is heterozygous - one brown and one blue - which eye colour will they have?! Individual A: heterozygous Individual B: homozygous Da Individual C: homozygous recessive Progress check: glossary ● Gene: DNA: Chromosome: Homologous chromosome: Heterozygous Homozygous Allele Define the following: 1. Allele a particular form of a gene 2. Gene section of DNA that contains the instructions for a particular characteristic W 3. DNA found as chromosomes in the nucleus Chromosome – thread like structures of DNA in the cell nucleus 4. 5. Heterozygous - 2 different alleles for a characteristic 6. Homozygous - 2 alleles that code for the same characteristic 7. Homologous - pairs of chromosomes, 1 from mother, 1 from father 8. Genome the entire genetic material of the organism Genotype vs phenotype The alleles present for a particular gene make up the genotype. ● How the gene is expressed (the appearance of the characteristics of an organism) is the phenotype. Genotype Phenotype Info on genes hair typely *00 (h)straight Physical appearance due to traits which are actually expressed...... Genotype codes for phenotype For example, I have a blue eye allele (genotype) which codes for the blue eyes (phenotype) Recessive vs dominant ALLELES Recessive allele - NEED 2 ALLELES TO BE ABLE TO SHOW THE PHENOTYPE (represented by small letters) DOMINANT allele - ONLY NEED 1 ALLELE TO BE ABLE TO SHOW THE PHENOTYPE (represented by capital letters) B (brown) is DOMINANT over the blue! This person is A CARRIER for blue! Bb BB Allele for blue eyes (recessive) Allele for brown eyes (dominant) Individual A: heterozygous H Individual B: homozygous bb Individual C: homozygous recessive