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329

29 Jun 2023

3 pages

How Your Body Controls Heart Beats and Brain Signals

The nervous system coordinates vital bodily functions through complex mechanisms... Show more

Nerves & Hormones:
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.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Page 2: Synaptic Transmission and Myelinated Neurons

This section details the complex process of neural signal transmission across synapses and the specialized structure of myelinated neurons.

Definition: Saltatory conduction refers to the "jumping" of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, significantly increasing transmission speed.

Highlight: Synapses serve multiple crucial functions, including unidirectional signal transmission, signal filtering, and enabling learning and memory formation.

Example: When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, calcium channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Vocabulary: Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheaths where ion channels concentrate, enabling efficient signal propagation.

The page extensively covers the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release and the subsequent events leading to signal transmission across the synapse.

Nerves & Hormones:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Page 3: Synaptic Inhibition and Muscle Contraction

The final page examines synaptic inhibition mechanisms and introduces the basics of muscle contraction through the sliding filament theory.

Definition: Synaptic inhibition occurs when inhibitory molecules prevent neurotransmitter binding, blocking signal transmission.

Highlight: The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction between actin and myosin proteins.

Example: When an inhibitor occupies acetylcholine receptors, sodium channels remain closed, preventing membrane depolarization and subsequent action potential generation.

Vocabulary: The "power stroke" refers to the movement of myosin heads pulling on actin filaments during muscle contraction.

The page concludes with an explanation of how stimulus strength relates to action potential generation and the basic mechanics of muscle contraction.

Nerves & Hormones:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Page 1: Neural Control Systems and Membrane Potentials

The first page explores the fundamental mechanisms of neural control and membrane potentials in nerve cells. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in opposition to maintain bodily homeostasis.

Definition: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight" responses, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" functions.

Highlight: The sodium-potassium pump maintains resting membrane potential by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions into the neuron, requiring ATP energy.

Example: During stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the liver to release glucose through glycogenolysis, providing energy for emergency responses.

Vocabulary: Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors that detect blood pressure changes in the aorta and carotid arteries.

The page details the process of membrane depolarization, explaining how stimulus-triggered sodium channel opening leads to action potential generation when threshold is reached.



Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Biology

329

29 Jun 2023

3 pages

How Your Body Controls Heart Beats and Brain Signals

The nervous system coordinates vital bodily functions through complex mechanisms of neural transmission and hormone regulation. This comprehensive guide explores the intricate workings of the sympathetic nervous system and heart rate control, the sodium-potassium pump role in membrane potential... Show more

Nerves & Hormones:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 2: Synaptic Transmission and Myelinated Neurons

This section details the complex process of neural signal transmission across synapses and the specialized structure of myelinated neurons.

Definition: Saltatory conduction refers to the "jumping" of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, significantly increasing transmission speed.

Highlight: Synapses serve multiple crucial functions, including unidirectional signal transmission, signal filtering, and enabling learning and memory formation.

Example: When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, calcium channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Vocabulary: Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheaths where ion channels concentrate, enabling efficient signal propagation.

The page extensively covers the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release and the subsequent events leading to signal transmission across the synapse.

Nerves & Hormones:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 3: Synaptic Inhibition and Muscle Contraction

The final page examines synaptic inhibition mechanisms and introduces the basics of muscle contraction through the sliding filament theory.

Definition: Synaptic inhibition occurs when inhibitory molecules prevent neurotransmitter binding, blocking signal transmission.

Highlight: The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction between actin and myosin proteins.

Example: When an inhibitor occupies acetylcholine receptors, sodium channels remain closed, preventing membrane depolarization and subsequent action potential generation.

Vocabulary: The "power stroke" refers to the movement of myosin heads pulling on actin filaments during muscle contraction.

The page concludes with an explanation of how stimulus strength relates to action potential generation and the basic mechanics of muscle contraction.

Nerves & Hormones:
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
*
.
V
.
.
W
Resting Potential:
Speeds things u

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 1: Neural Control Systems and Membrane Potentials

The first page explores the fundamental mechanisms of neural control and membrane potentials in nerve cells. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in opposition to maintain bodily homeostasis.

Definition: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight" responses, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" functions.

Highlight: The sodium-potassium pump maintains resting membrane potential by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions into the neuron, requiring ATP energy.

Example: During stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the liver to release glucose through glycogenolysis, providing energy for emergency responses.

Vocabulary: Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors that detect blood pressure changes in the aorta and carotid arteries.

The page details the process of membrane depolarization, explaining how stimulus-triggered sodium channel opening leads to action potential generation when threshold is reached.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user