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A Level Biology - Carbohydrates and Biological Molecules

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19/06/2022

Biology

A level Biology- Biological Molecules

A Level Biology - Carbohydrates and Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates are essential biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They play crucial roles in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognition. This summary explores the types, structures, and functions of carbohydrates in A level biology.

Key points:

  • Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
  • Glucose is a primary monosaccharide with isomers alpha and beta glucose
  • Disaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units
...

19/06/2022

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Biology

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19 Jun 2022

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A Level Biology - Carbohydrates and Biological Molecules

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DA

@dharina21

Carbohydrates are essential biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They play crucial roles in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognition. This summary explores the types, structures, and functions of carbohydrates in A level biology.

Key points:... Show more

Biological Molecules
Number
1
Prefix
Mono
Di
Tri
Terra
Penta
Hexa
рау
Carbohydrates
Monomer-> one of many small moreaules that
combine to fo

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Carbohydrates: Structure and Classification

Carbohydrates are fundamental biological molecules with the general formula CH2OCH₂On, where n is typically between 1 and 7. They are soluble substances that play various roles in living organisms.

Definition: Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

Monomers and Polymers

In the context of carbohydrates A level Biology AQA, it's essential to understand the concepts of monomers and polymers:

Vocabulary: A monomer is one of many small molecules that combine to form a larger molecule polymerpolymer.

Vocabulary: A polymer is a long molecule made up of small repeating units monomersmonomers.

Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of sugar units they contain:

  1. Monosaccharides: Single sugar units
  2. Disaccharides: Two sugar units
  3. Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units

Example: Glucose C6H12O6C₆H₁₂O₆ is an example of a monosaccharide.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides A Level Biology focuses on the simplest form of carbohydrates. These are sweet-tasting, soluble substances that serve as the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

Highlight: Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Glucose Isomers

Glucose exists in two isomeric forms: alpha and beta glucose. These are examples of structural isomers.

Definition: Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.

The key difference between alpha and beta glucose lies in the position of the hydroxyl group OH-OH on carbon 1:

  • In alpha glucose, the -OH group is below the carbon ring
  • In beta glucose, the -OH group is above the carbon ring

Vocabulary: The terms "alpha" and "beta" in glucose refer to the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon carbon1carbon 1.

Disaccharides

Disaccharides A Level Biology covers the formation of these molecules through the combination of two monosaccharides. This process involves a condensation reaction, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond and the release of a water molecule.

Example: Common disaccharides include maltose glucose+glucoseglucose + glucose, sucrose glucose+fructoseglucose + fructose, and lactose glucose+galactoseglucose + galactose.

The structure of carbohydrates a level Biology curriculum emphasizes the importance of understanding these molecular arrangements and their biological significance.

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