The cell cycle is a fundamental process in biology, encompassing... Show more
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Subjects
Careers
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
10
0
A* on the way
25/03/2023
Biology
2.1.6 OCR A LEVEL BIOLOGY ( cell devision)
504
•
25 Mar 2023
•
The cell cycle is a fundamental process in biology, encompassing... Show more
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division with distinct purposes and outcomes.
Mitosis and meiosis stages differ significantly, with mitosis producing two genetically identical daughter cells and meiosis resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells.
Definition: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
The main stages of mitosis are:
Each stage involves specific events that ensure the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.
Example: In metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes align at the cell's equator, attached to spindle fibers on either side of their centromeres.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is a specialized form of cell division that produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
Definition: Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Key features of meiosis include:
Highlight: The genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis is a crucial source of genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms.
The differences between mitosis and meiosis are numerous and significant. Some key distinctions include:
Example: In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material during prophase I, a process called crossing over. This does not occur in mitosis.
Meiosis is a complex process that occurs in two main phases: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each phase consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Vocabulary: Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same positions, one inherited from each parent.
The stages of Meiosis I are:
Highlight: The random alignment of bivalents in Metaphase I contributes to genetic diversity in the resulting gametes.
Meiosis II follows, with stages similar to mitosis:
Example: In Anaphase II, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, similar to what occurs in mitosis.
The significance of meiosis lies in its ability to:
Quote: "Meiosis is an alternative form of cell division. It produces four cells that are not genetically identical, are gametes, and are haploid ."
Understanding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is crucial for comprehending the processes of growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms. While both are forms of cell division, their purposes and outcomes are distinctly different, highlighting the complexity and efficiency of biological systems.
The cell cycle is a series of events during which a cell duplicates its contents and divides. This process is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.
Definition: The cell cycle is the sequence of events that occurs in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
The 4 stages of cell cycle include:
Highlight: Interphase, comprising G1, S, and G2 phases, is the longest part of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.
During interphase, several key events occur:
The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that ensure the cell is ready to progress to the next phase. These checkpoints are regulated by cyclin-CDK complexes.
Vocabulary: Cyclin-CDK complexes are protein pairs that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
Mitosis, the process of nuclear division, consists of four main stages:
Example: During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope breaks down.
The role of centrioles in cell division is crucial. Centrioles organize fibrous proteins into the spindle, which is essential for chromosome separation during mitosis.
Highlight: Centrioles are not present in plant cells, highlighting a key difference in cell division between plant and animal cells.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The cell cycle is a fundamental process in biology, encompassing the stages of cell growth, DNA replication, and division. This summary explores the cell cycle phases, mitosis, meiosis, and the role of centrioles in cell division.
Cell cycle stages... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division with distinct purposes and outcomes.
Mitosis and meiosis stages differ significantly, with mitosis producing two genetically identical daughter cells and meiosis resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells.
Definition: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
The main stages of mitosis are:
Each stage involves specific events that ensure the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.
Example: In metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes align at the cell's equator, attached to spindle fibers on either side of their centromeres.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is a specialized form of cell division that produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
Definition: Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Key features of meiosis include:
Highlight: The genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis is a crucial source of genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms.
The differences between mitosis and meiosis are numerous and significant. Some key distinctions include:
Example: In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material during prophase I, a process called crossing over. This does not occur in mitosis.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Meiosis is a complex process that occurs in two main phases: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each phase consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Vocabulary: Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same positions, one inherited from each parent.
The stages of Meiosis I are:
Highlight: The random alignment of bivalents in Metaphase I contributes to genetic diversity in the resulting gametes.
Meiosis II follows, with stages similar to mitosis:
Example: In Anaphase II, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, similar to what occurs in mitosis.
The significance of meiosis lies in its ability to:
Quote: "Meiosis is an alternative form of cell division. It produces four cells that are not genetically identical, are gametes, and are haploid ."
Understanding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is crucial for comprehending the processes of growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms. While both are forms of cell division, their purposes and outcomes are distinctly different, highlighting the complexity and efficiency of biological systems.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The cell cycle is a series of events during which a cell duplicates its contents and divides. This process is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.
Definition: The cell cycle is the sequence of events that occurs in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
The 4 stages of cell cycle include:
Highlight: Interphase, comprising G1, S, and G2 phases, is the longest part of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.
During interphase, several key events occur:
The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that ensure the cell is ready to progress to the next phase. These checkpoints are regulated by cyclin-CDK complexes.
Vocabulary: Cyclin-CDK complexes are protein pairs that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
Mitosis, the process of nuclear division, consists of four main stages:
Example: During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope breaks down.
The role of centrioles in cell division is crucial. Centrioles organize fibrous proteins into the spindle, which is essential for chromosome separation during mitosis.
Highlight: Centrioles are not present in plant cells, highlighting a key difference in cell division between plant and animal cells.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user