The cell cycle and mitosis are fundamental processes in biology,... Show more
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gmelonergan
02/04/2023
Biology
2- Cells and control- GCSE Edexcel Biology
1,139
•
2 Apr 2023
•
Stages of Mitosis & Brain Structure - GCSE Edexcel & AQA Biology
gmelonergan
@gmelonergan_pquc
Mitosis and Cell Cycle
Stages of mitosis GCSE AQA are crucial for understanding cell division. Mitosis is the asexual reproduction of diploid cells, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is faster than sexual reproduction but doesn't allow for genetic variation.
The cell cycle consists of two main phases:
- Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication
- Mitosis: Cell division
The 4 stages of mitosis are:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Cytokinesis follows, separating the two new cells.
Definition: Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome.
Highlight: Understanding the stages of mitosis GCSE AQA is essential for grasping how organisms grow and reproduce at a cellular level.
Growth in Animals and Plants
Growth in animals and plants involves an increase in cell number through mitosis, followed by cell differentiation.
For animals:
- Growth is measured using percentile charts
- Differentiation creates specialized cells
For plants:
- Meristems allow continuous growth
- Specialized plant cells develop for specific functions
Example: Root hair cells and xylem cells are examples of specialized plant cells.
Vocabulary: Meristems are groups of rapidly dividing cells near the tips of shoots and roots.
Growth in plants gcse Biology involves calculating percentage change using the formula: / starting value * 100
Highlight: Understanding growth in animals vs plants comparison gcse biology questions is crucial for comprehending different growth patterns in living organisms.
Stem Cells and Brain Structure
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and differentiating into various cell types. There are two main types:
- Embryonic stem cells: Can produce any kind of specialized cell
- Adult stem cells: Can only produce specific types of cells in surrounding tissues
The brain is a complex organ with several key structures:
- Cerebral cortex: Responsible for consciousness, memory, and language
- Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle movement
- Medulla oblongata: Controls unconscious activities like breathing
- Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Regulate body functions
Definition: The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" due to its role in controlling other glands.
Highlight: Understanding Gcse biology study notes on brain structure and functions pdf is essential for grasping how the nervous system operates.
Brain Imaging and Nervous System
Brain imaging techniques provide valuable insights into brain structure and function:
- CT : Uses X-rays for 3D images
- MRI : Uses magnetic fields and radio waves
- PET : Shows brain activity using radioactive chemicals
The nervous system allows communication throughout the body using electrical impulses. Key components include:
- Central Nervous System : Brain and spinal cord
- Neurons: Specialized cells for transmitting impulses
- Receptors: Detect stimuli
Vocabulary: Neurotransmission is the process of transmitting electrical impulses through neurons.
Highlight: Gcse biology study notes on brain structure and functions aqa often emphasize the importance of understanding different neuron types and their roles.
Eye Structure and Vision Problems
The eye is a complex sensory organ with several key structures:
- Cornea: Transparent outer layer
- Iris: Colored part that controls pupil size
- Lens: Focuses light onto the retina
- Retina: Contains light-sensitive cells
Common vision problems include:
- Myopia : Eyeball too long, corrected with concave lenses
- Hypermetropia : Eyeball too short, corrected with convex lenses
Example: In myopia, images are focused in front of the retina instead of directly on it.
Highlight: Understanding Brain diagram GCSE AQA and eye structure is crucial for comprehending how visual information is processed.
Neurotransmission and Response Coordination
The brain coordinates responses to stimuli by sending impulses to effectors through neurons. Different types of neurons play specific roles in this process:
- Sensory neurons: Carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
- Motor neurons: Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors
- Relay neurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS
Vocabulary: Effectors are organs or tissues that carry out responses to stimuli, such as muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
Highlight: Understanding neurotransmission speeds and the coordination of responses is crucial for GCSE biology study notes on brain structure and functions aqa.
Overall Summary
Stages of mitosis GCSE AQA and cell biology are crucial topics in GCSE Biology, covering cell division, growth, and specialized structures.
Key points:
- The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis
- Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells
- Growth in animals and plants involves cell division and differentiation
- Stem cells have the potential to develop into specialized cells
- The brain and nervous system coordinate bodily functions
- Eye structure and common vision problems are explained
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Stefan S
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Stages of Mitosis & Brain Structure - GCSE Edexcel & AQA Biology
gmelonergan
@gmelonergan_pquc
The cell cycle and mitosis are fundamental processes in biology, involving cell growth, DNA replication, and division to produce genetically identical daughter cells. This summary covers key concepts in cell division, growth in animals and plants, stem cells, brain structure... Show more
Mitosis and Cell Cycle
Stages of mitosis GCSE AQA are crucial for understanding cell division. Mitosis is the asexual reproduction of diploid cells, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is faster than sexual reproduction but doesn't allow for genetic variation.
The cell cycle consists of two main phases:
- Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication
- Mitosis: Cell division
The 4 stages of mitosis are:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Cytokinesis follows, separating the two new cells.
Definition: Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome.
Highlight: Understanding the stages of mitosis GCSE AQA is essential for grasping how organisms grow and reproduce at a cellular level.
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Join milions of students
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Growth in Animals and Plants
Growth in animals and plants involves an increase in cell number through mitosis, followed by cell differentiation.
For animals:
- Growth is measured using percentile charts
- Differentiation creates specialized cells
For plants:
- Meristems allow continuous growth
- Specialized plant cells develop for specific functions
Example: Root hair cells and xylem cells are examples of specialized plant cells.
Vocabulary: Meristems are groups of rapidly dividing cells near the tips of shoots and roots.
Growth in plants gcse Biology involves calculating percentage change using the formula: / starting value * 100
Highlight: Understanding growth in animals vs plants comparison gcse biology questions is crucial for comprehending different growth patterns in living organisms.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Stem Cells and Brain Structure
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and differentiating into various cell types. There are two main types:
- Embryonic stem cells: Can produce any kind of specialized cell
- Adult stem cells: Can only produce specific types of cells in surrounding tissues
The brain is a complex organ with several key structures:
- Cerebral cortex: Responsible for consciousness, memory, and language
- Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle movement
- Medulla oblongata: Controls unconscious activities like breathing
- Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Regulate body functions
Definition: The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" due to its role in controlling other glands.
Highlight: Understanding Gcse biology study notes on brain structure and functions pdf is essential for grasping how the nervous system operates.
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Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Brain Imaging and Nervous System
Brain imaging techniques provide valuable insights into brain structure and function:
- CT : Uses X-rays for 3D images
- MRI : Uses magnetic fields and radio waves
- PET : Shows brain activity using radioactive chemicals
The nervous system allows communication throughout the body using electrical impulses. Key components include:
- Central Nervous System : Brain and spinal cord
- Neurons: Specialized cells for transmitting impulses
- Receptors: Detect stimuli
Vocabulary: Neurotransmission is the process of transmitting electrical impulses through neurons.
Highlight: Gcse biology study notes on brain structure and functions aqa often emphasize the importance of understanding different neuron types and their roles.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Eye Structure and Vision Problems
The eye is a complex sensory organ with several key structures:
- Cornea: Transparent outer layer
- Iris: Colored part that controls pupil size
- Lens: Focuses light onto the retina
- Retina: Contains light-sensitive cells
Common vision problems include:
- Myopia : Eyeball too long, corrected with concave lenses
- Hypermetropia : Eyeball too short, corrected with convex lenses
Example: In myopia, images are focused in front of the retina instead of directly on it.
Highlight: Understanding Brain diagram GCSE AQA and eye structure is crucial for comprehending how visual information is processed.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Neurotransmission and Response Coordination
The brain coordinates responses to stimuli by sending impulses to effectors through neurons. Different types of neurons play specific roles in this process:
- Sensory neurons: Carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
- Motor neurons: Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors
- Relay neurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS
Vocabulary: Effectors are organs or tissues that carry out responses to stimuli, such as muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.
Highlight: Understanding neurotransmission speeds and the coordination of responses is crucial for GCSE biology study notes on brain structure and functions aqa.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Overall Summary
Stages of mitosis GCSE AQA and cell biology are crucial topics in GCSE Biology, covering cell division, growth, and specialized structures.
Key points:
- The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis
- Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells
- Growth in animals and plants involves cell division and differentiation
- Stem cells have the potential to develop into specialized cells
- The brain and nervous system coordinate bodily functions
- Eye structure and common vision problems are explained
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user