Something in an experiment that either changes , can be measured or can controlled

the prediction about the findings of a study 

A two-tailed which states that there will be a difference/correlation but does not state in which direction

A prediction of a finding which states which direction the result will go (a one-tailed hypothesis )

A hypothesis that states there will be no significant difference /correlation . These are rejected or accepted , depending on the results of the statistical test

A person who carries out academic or scientific research

A person who takes part in psychological research

Turning variables from something abstract into something specific that can be measured precisely and without ambiguity

The ABBA method. To avoid order effects in a repeated measures design half of the participants will do condition A then B and the other half will do B then A

The way in which a study uses the participants in their conditions (independent groups, repeated measures or matched pairs)

The way in which a study tests the participants, based on the physical setting and the amount of control of the independent variable (lab, field, natural, quasi)

Something other than the IV, that could affect the DV if not controlled

Something that did affect the DV and thus confounded the results.

Keeping elements of the research the same to maintain fairness and validity

An experimental design where participants are matched prior to their study (on a variable related to the DV), then each pair is split and allocated to different conditions and their scores compared. Each participant only does one condition.

An experimental design where different participants do different conditions

An experimental design where the same participants are used for both conditions of a study

To keep tests fair and valid as many elements as possible should be kept random (participant selection, participant allocation, word lists used, etc.)

When the presence of the researcher influences the behaviour of the participants by providing cues of how to behave.

When participants guess the aim and change their behaviour because they are aware they are in a study or being observed.

When participants try to please the researcher by acting in a way to meet the demands of the study

When participants try to sabotage or spoil the experiment by going against the aim

A form of response bias in which people prefer to answer questions about how their responses will be interpreted by others rather than reply truthfully. The respondents will choose socially acceptable answers or politically correct responses.

Turning variables from something abstract into something specific that can be measured precisely without ambiguity

The actual participants taken from the target population and used in the investigation

Sampling is the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study

When a sampling method leads to an unrepresentative sample of the target population

The group of people you wish to generalise the findings of your study to

A small-scale trial study used to check the method , ethics and materials used in a study .NOT USED TO TEST HYPOTHESES OR CHECK RESULTS .

Type of sampling where people nominate themselves to take part in the research - through advert 

Sampling method where the participants are whoever is available at the time ( e.g Loftus using her undergraduate students )

The fairest way of sampling where each member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected to take part- (For example picking name from a hat )

Sampling method which uses every nth participants

Sampling method which uses a random selection of strata ( subgroups) from within the target population ( e.g more males than females if this represents the target population's demographic)

This is what is said to encourage a person to agree to participate .It contains information about consent , anonymity and right withdraw ( ethical issues )

Traits or other characteristics by which individuals may be distinguished from one another

Whether a theory or research findings can be applied to people from other cultures or social groups , or whether they can applied to real life setting

An actor who take part in research and knows the aim of the study

When participants complete more than one condition and the order in which they tasks impacts their performance

A form of order effects - This is when participants performance gets better with practice due to completing the conditions twice

A form of order effect - This is when participants gets better with practice due to completing the conditions twice , resulting in fatigue or boredom ..

A sample in which the characteristics of the individuals closely match the characteristics of the overall population.

An experiment done in artificial condition with control over the independent variable

An experiment method which has control of the independent variable but is done in a natural environment

An experiment in a controlled environment , with no control of the independent variable as it already pre- existing . For example , age or gender .

An experiment which takes place in a real world without control of the independent variable , which has varied naturally ( for instance , studying a group of teenagers before and after the introduction of WIFI to their village )

Fairly putting participants into the experimental conditions , without bias ( using a random number generator , for example)

Set a guidelines given to researchers to make sure that participants are respected and protected from harm

The impacts that psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people. This includes , at societa level, influencing public policy and / or the way in which certain groups of people are regarded

The awarding body for Psychology. The ethical board are groups of senior psychologists whose job it is to meet up and approve or reject potential studies , based on whether they are ethical or not

When participants are not told the true aim of study

A key principle of the BPS ethical guidelines . Participants must fully understand the aim of the study and give their permission to be used in the research

Participants should not be studied somewhere where they would not expect to be seen , for examples changing room. Conducting research in a public or neutral space avoids this .

This refers to protecting the participants from physical or Mental trauma such as stress , depression , guilt or anxiety . This should be avoided in studies at all costs , experiencing no more harm than they would in every day life .(Participants should leave the study in the same state they entered)

protection of participants/protection from harm 

A key element of the ethical guidelines which allows participants to remove themselves (and their results ) from a study at any point in time

Keeping participants' details and results private

A false identity that is given to participants when taking part in research to protect the anonymity . This can be either be a fake name , initial or a number in which the participants is referred to .

A consultation provided after the study where the participants are told the true aim of the study and have an opportunity to ask questions and even withdraw their results

This is when the research ask similar group of people to their participants is they would be likely to consent to the study and the presume their own participants will also consent . This is one of the ways of overcoming the issues of informed consent and avoiding unnatural behaviour

This is when the researcher ask the participant for consent before the study but makes them aware that there will be elements of deception in the study . This is one of the ways of overcoming the issues of informed consent

When a participant is aged under 16 should be gained from their parent or career .This is one of the ways of overcoming the issues of informed consent.

The extent to which observes / raters agree

The consistency of a study's results on repeated testing

The extent to which a measure accurately measures what it aims to measure

The extent to which the tool measures what it aims to measure and the IV is the only thing impacting the DV

The extent to which a study can be accurately generalised ( either to other people , other settings or other times)

The extent to which a study's findings can be generalised to others in the target population

The extent to which the theory or study findings can be generalised to other times

The extent to which a study / theory can be generalised to everyday life

The extent to which a measurement appears to measure what it sets out to measure , on the face of it

When devising a new measurement, the extent to which the new measurement agrees with pre-existing measurements (a new IQ test's results compared to standardised IQ tests)

Making research too expensive or time-consuming to carry out

A secondary use for a theory or finding, such as the development of SSRI drugs to treat low mood in OCD patients, if serotonin is seen as a factor in this disorder.

A theory or study which breaks the BPS's ethical guidelines

Whether the breaking of a rule can be explained as being acceptable if the ends satisfy the means used. Used within ethics.

The ability to manipulate something or keep something from outside interference

Whether a study can be repeated in exactly the same way or not. Not to be confused with reliability (although they are similar concepts)

Finding an explanation for a behaviour where one thing can be seen to lead to another.

When two co-variables have a have relationship /association

A study done where participants are tested or observed over a period weeks , months or years , for example Rutter's Romanian orphanage study .

Data collected first-hand , for the purpose of the research

Data collected second-data, not for the purpose of the study

A statistical technique to gather secondary data. This is the examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject , in order to determine overall trends .

A numerical quantity that is not a whole number , often representing the portions of something (e.g 1/2)

The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains within the other

A decimal is another way of writing a number that is not whole

A system of writing numbers which can be particularly useful for working with bey large or very small numbers .It is based on using powers of 10 to express how big or small a number is .

The extent to which something is likely to happen

Whether or not a difference/correlation has a less than 5% chance of being down to chance. If the results statistically go beyond this value, then they are not significance.

A probability value that states that there is a 1% probability that the finding was down to chance

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Belinda Kundenga

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psychology-  research methods 

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Psychology-  research methods 

Learn about 5 methods of research in psychology, cool methods of psychology, and get cool pdfs and textbooks. Find out about experimental research methods, examples, and notes. Perfect for beginners in psychology!

Easy Notes on Research Methods in Psychology

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Unit 3 vocabulary and diagram study sheet

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