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27
0
E
Erica
16/02/2023
Psychology
Cultural variations in attachment
Evaluation of Cultural Variation Studies in Attachment
Strengths of the Research
- Large Samples: Studies like the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis used large samples, which increases internal validity by reducing the impact of anomalous results.
Definition: Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to measure.
Limitations and Criticisms
-
Unrepresentative Samples: Despite large sample sizes, the samples used in these studies often fail to represent the full diversity within each culture.
-
Cross-Country Comparisons: Comparisons between countries may have limited impact as each country likely contains multiple cultures and subcultures.
-
Biased Assessment Method: The Strange Situation procedure, designed by an American based on a British theory, may not be universally applicable across cultures.
Example: In Germany, what might be interpreted as insecure-avoidant attachment could actually reflect cultural values of independence.
-
Alternative Explanations: The small cross-cultural differences observed might be attributed to the effects of mass media rather than inherent cultural variations.
-
Validity of the Strange Situation: Kagan et al. (1986) suggested that the Strange Situation might be measuring anxiety or temperament rather than attachment.
Quote: "Attachment is more related to temperament than relationship with primary attachment figure" - Kagan et al. (1986)
These evaluations are crucial for understanding the strengths and limitations of research into cultural variations in attachment and highlight the complexity of cross-cultural psychological research.
Cultural Variations in Attachment: Key Studies and Findings
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's Meta-Analysis
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to examine cultural variations in attachment. Their study analyzed 32 studies using the Strange Situation procedure across 8 countries, involving 1,990 children.
Highlight: The meta-analysis revealed that secure attachment was the most common type in all countries studied, while insecure-resistant attachment was the least common overall.
A significant finding was that variations in attachment types were 150% greater within countries than across different countries. This suggests that while cultural differences exist, there is also considerable variation within individual cultures.
Example: The Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study provides a robust example of cultural variation in attachment, demonstrating both similarities and differences across cultures.
Other Studies of Cultural Variations
-
Italian Study by Simonella et al. (2014): This research found a lower rate of secure attachment compared to many other studies. The researchers attributed this to longer working hours for women and increased use of childcare in Italy.
-
Korean Study by Jin et al. (2012): This study discovered similar rates of secure and insecure attachments overall, but with higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment and only one case of insecure-avoidant attachment.
Vocabulary: Insecure-resistant attachment refers to a pattern where children show distress upon separation from caregivers but are difficult to comfort upon reunion.
These studies contribute to our understanding of how cultural variations in attachment manifest in different societies.
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Cultural Variations in Attachment: Examples, Studies & 16 Marker Tips
Cultural variations in attachment are a crucial aspect of cultural attachment theory and have been extensively studied in A Level Psychology. This summary explores key research and evaluations in this field.
- Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysisis a cornerstone... Show more
Evaluation of Cultural Variation Studies in Attachment
Strengths of the Research
- Large Samples: Studies like the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis used large samples, which increases internal validity by reducing the impact of anomalous results.
Definition: Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to measure.
Limitations and Criticisms
-
Unrepresentative Samples: Despite large sample sizes, the samples used in these studies often fail to represent the full diversity within each culture.
-
Cross-Country Comparisons: Comparisons between countries may have limited impact as each country likely contains multiple cultures and subcultures.
-
Biased Assessment Method: The Strange Situation procedure, designed by an American based on a British theory, may not be universally applicable across cultures.
Example: In Germany, what might be interpreted as insecure-avoidant attachment could actually reflect cultural values of independence.
-
Alternative Explanations: The small cross-cultural differences observed might be attributed to the effects of mass media rather than inherent cultural variations.
-
Validity of the Strange Situation: Kagan et al. (1986) suggested that the Strange Situation might be measuring anxiety or temperament rather than attachment.
Quote: "Attachment is more related to temperament than relationship with primary attachment figure" - Kagan et al. (1986)
These evaluations are crucial for understanding the strengths and limitations of research into cultural variations in attachment and highlight the complexity of cross-cultural psychological research.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cultural Variations in Attachment: Key Studies and Findings
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's Meta-Analysis
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to examine cultural variations in attachment. Their study analyzed 32 studies using the Strange Situation procedure across 8 countries, involving 1,990 children.
Highlight: The meta-analysis revealed that secure attachment was the most common type in all countries studied, while insecure-resistant attachment was the least common overall.
A significant finding was that variations in attachment types were 150% greater within countries than across different countries. This suggests that while cultural differences exist, there is also considerable variation within individual cultures.
Example: The Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study provides a robust example of cultural variation in attachment, demonstrating both similarities and differences across cultures.
Other Studies of Cultural Variations
-
Italian Study by Simonella et al. (2014): This research found a lower rate of secure attachment compared to many other studies. The researchers attributed this to longer working hours for women and increased use of childcare in Italy.
-
Korean Study by Jin et al. (2012): This study discovered similar rates of secure and insecure attachments overall, but with higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment and only one case of insecure-avoidant attachment.
Vocabulary: Insecure-resistant attachment refers to a pattern where children show distress upon separation from caregivers but are difficult to comfort upon reunion.
These studies contribute to our understanding of how cultural variations in attachment manifest in different societies.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user