Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Physics
14 Dec 2025
161
7 pages
nornor @milk7ar0
A comprehensive guide to energy transfer and states of matter covering key physics concepts including energy transfer processes... Show more
This section delves deeper into the mechanisms of heat transfer and their practical applications in building design and insulation.
Definition Thermal conductors are materials through which energy transfers easily, typically metals.
Example Houses in cold climates utilize insulation and heating systems, while houses in hot climates often feature white paint to reflect infrared radiation.
Highlight Vacuum flasks demonstrate multiple heat transfer prevention methods, including vacuum layers to prevent conduction and convection.
The page focuses on power measurements, efficiency calculations, and practical energy usage considerations.
Definition Power is the amount of energy transferred per second by an appliance, measured in watts (W).
Vocabulary Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - The amount of energy transferred in 1 hour by a kilowatt-rated appliance.
Example The efficiency formula efficiency = (useful energy transferred ÷ total energy supplied) × 100%
This section explains the particle theory and properties of different states of matter.
Definition The particle model is a theory explaining the properties and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases.
Highlight Brownian motion demonstrates the constant movement of particles in liquids and gases.
Example Materials expand when heated because particles vibrate more vigorously, taking up more space.
The final page covers density calculations and phase transitions between states of matter.
Definition Density is the mass of a certain volume of material, calculated as mass divided by volume.
Vocabulary Sublimation - The direct transition of a substance from solid to gas state.
Example Evaporation can occur at any temperature at a liquid's surface, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid at its boiling point.
This page focuses on density calculations and the various processes of state changes in matter.
Definition Density is the mass of a certain volume of material, calculated as mass divided by volume.
Vocabulary State changes include melting, freezing, condensing, sublimation, and evaporation.
Example Evaporation can occur at the surface of a liquid at any temperature, while boiling occurs within the liquid at a specific temperature point.
This page examines pressure in fluids and its relationship with temperature and volume.
Highlight Pressure in fluids increases with temperature due to faster particle movement and more frequent collisions with container walls.
Example In oceans, pressure increases with depth due to the increasing weight of water above, while on mountains, air pressure decreases with altitude due to less air above.
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of energy transfer and temperature relationships. The content explores how energy moves between objects and various transfer mechanisms.
Definition Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and represents the amount of energy stored in particles, measured in joules (J).
Highlight Energy always transfers from hotter objects to cooler ones, following the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
Example During evaporation, the fastest-moving particles escape a liquid to form a gas, resulting in cooling of the remaining liquid.
Vocabulary Radiation - A method of energy transfer through electromagnetic waves, particularly infrared radiation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. This summary covers key concepts such as particle theory, properties of each state, and the behavior of particles in different conditions. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
PhysicsExplore the particle model of matter, focusing on changes of state, internal energy, and density calculations. This summary covers key concepts such as latent heat, kinetic energy, and the relationship between pressure and volume in gases. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of physical changes in matter.
PhysicsExplore the essential methods for measuring the density of both regular and irregular objects in this practical guide. Learn how to accurately determine mass and volume, apply the density equation, and understand the significance of buoyancy and Archimedes' principle. Ideal for AQA GCSE Physics students preparing for Required Practical 5.
PhysicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
nornor
@milk7ar0
A comprehensive guide to energy transfer and states of matter covering key physics concepts including energy transfer processes in physics, thermal dynamics, and pressure systems.
• The guide explores fundamental concepts of energy transfer through conduction, convection, and radiation... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section delves deeper into the mechanisms of heat transfer and their practical applications in building design and insulation.
Definition: Thermal conductors are materials through which energy transfers easily, typically metals.
Example: Houses in cold climates utilize insulation and heating systems, while houses in hot climates often feature white paint to reflect infrared radiation.
Highlight: Vacuum flasks demonstrate multiple heat transfer prevention methods, including vacuum layers to prevent conduction and convection.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The page focuses on power measurements, efficiency calculations, and practical energy usage considerations.
Definition: Power is the amount of energy transferred per second by an appliance, measured in watts (W).
Vocabulary: Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - The amount of energy transferred in 1 hour by a kilowatt-rated appliance.
Example: The efficiency formula: efficiency = (useful energy transferred ÷ total energy supplied) × 100%
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explains the particle theory and properties of different states of matter.
Definition: The particle model is a theory explaining the properties and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases.
Highlight: Brownian motion demonstrates the constant movement of particles in liquids and gases.
Example: Materials expand when heated because particles vibrate more vigorously, taking up more space.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final page covers density calculations and phase transitions between states of matter.
Definition: Density is the mass of a certain volume of material, calculated as mass divided by volume.
Vocabulary: Sublimation - The direct transition of a substance from solid to gas state.
Example: Evaporation can occur at any temperature at a liquid's surface, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid at its boiling point.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on density calculations and the various processes of state changes in matter.
Definition: Density is the mass of a certain volume of material, calculated as mass divided by volume.
Vocabulary: State changes include melting, freezing, condensing, sublimation, and evaporation.
Example: Evaporation can occur at the surface of a liquid at any temperature, while boiling occurs within the liquid at a specific temperature point.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page examines pressure in fluids and its relationship with temperature and volume.
Highlight: Pressure in fluids increases with temperature due to faster particle movement and more frequent collisions with container walls.
Example: In oceans, pressure increases with depth due to the increasing weight of water above, while on mountains, air pressure decreases with altitude due to less air above.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of energy transfer and temperature relationships. The content explores how energy moves between objects and various transfer mechanisms.
Definition: Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and represents the amount of energy stored in particles, measured in joules (J).
Highlight: Energy always transfers from hotter objects to cooler ones, following the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
Example: During evaporation, the fastest-moving particles escape a liquid to form a gas, resulting in cooling of the remaining liquid.
Vocabulary: Radiation - A method of energy transfer through electromagnetic waves, particularly infrared radiation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. This summary covers key concepts such as particle theory, properties of each state, and the behavior of particles in different conditions. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
PhysicsExplore the particle model of matter, focusing on changes of state, internal energy, and density calculations. This summary covers key concepts such as latent heat, kinetic energy, and the relationship between pressure and volume in gases. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of physical changes in matter.
PhysicsExplore the essential methods for measuring the density of both regular and irregular objects in this practical guide. Learn how to accurately determine mass and volume, apply the density equation, and understand the significance of buoyancy and Archimedes' principle. Ideal for AQA GCSE Physics students preparing for Required Practical 5.
PhysicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology