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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Bianca Cristescu
03/12/2025
English Literature
Theories to use in Essays
393
•
3 Dec 2025
•
Bianca Cristescu
@biancacristescu_yugj
Understanding how different readers interpret texts is crucial for your... Show more
Learning to analyse texts through multiple interpretations will transform how you approach literature. You're not just reading for plot anymore—you're exploring how different critical lenses reveal new meanings and deepen your understanding.
The key assessment objectives guide your analysis: AO1 focuses on informed responses using proper terminology, while AO2 examines how language, form and structure create meaning. AO3 connects texts to their various contexts, helping you understand why certain themes resonated with readers.
AO4 builds connections between different texts and periods, whilst AO5 acknowledges that interpretation isn't fixed—it's dynamic and open to debate. This means your personal interpretation matters, as long as it's well-supported by evidence.
Remember: Don't force theories onto texts or list them mechanically. Instead, let them naturally inform your analysis and always support your ideas with textual evidence.
Roland Barthes' "Death of the Author" revolutionised literary criticism in 1967 by arguing that meaning belongs to the reader, not the author's original intentions. This reader-response approach suggests that your experiences, ideas and values shape how you interpret texts—making your analysis valid and valuable.
The formalist approach shifts focus to how stories are told rather than what they mean. In The Handmaid's Tale, formalists examine Atwood's narrative techniques—how she weaves together three different time periods and blends multiple genres like science fiction, dystopian fiction and romance.
This approach reveals how narrative structure itself creates meaning. The fragmented storytelling mirrors Offred's fractured existence, whilst the mixing of genres reflects the complex reality she inhabits.
Top Tip: When applying formalist theory, focus on specific techniques like narrative voice, structure and style rather than getting lost in plot details.
Feminist literary theory, particularly Kate Millett's concept of sexual politics, examines how power operates within relationships. This lens reveals how The Handmaid's Tale exposes patriarchal oppression—women reduced to biological functions whilst men hold political and social power.
Through feminist analysis, you'll notice how female relationships drive the narrative. Atwood creates complex bonds between women that are both supportive and problematic, reflecting real-world tensions under oppressive systems.
Structuralism focuses on cultural codes and symbols that create meaning. Rather than looking at obvious symbols, structuralists examine recurring motifs—like flowers in The Handmaid's Tale. Flowers traditionally symbolise life and beauty, but in Gilead they become reminders of fertility and barrenness.
The surveillance motif appears through constant references to eyes—from the secret police called "Eyes" to the eye-like hole in Offred's ceiling where a chandelier once hung, creating an atmosphere of perpetual observation.
Key Insight: Look for symbols that appear repeatedly throughout the text—they often carry the deepest cultural meanings.
Psychoanalytic theory, rooted in Freud's work on dreams and the unconscious, treats literature like the human mind—full of hidden desires and repressed thoughts. This approach encourages you to look beneath the surface of characters' actions and words.
When applying psychoanalytic criticism, examine how unconscious desires drive character behaviour. Consider what characters' dreams reveal about their psychological state and how their sexuality—or suppression of it—influences their choices.
This method treats fictional works as inventions of the mind, similar to dreams where symbolic meaning often matters more than literal events. Characters become complex psychological studies rather than simple plot devices.
Analysis Focus: Pay attention to moments when characters act irrationally or have vivid dreams—these often reveal deeper psychological truths about their situation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Bianca Cristescu
@biancacristescu_yugj
Understanding how different readers interpret texts is crucial for your A-level English studies. Rather than hunting for one "correct" meaning, you'll explore various critical approaches that reveal different layers of understanding in literature like The Handmaid's Tale.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Learning to analyse texts through multiple interpretations will transform how you approach literature. You're not just reading for plot anymore—you're exploring how different critical lenses reveal new meanings and deepen your understanding.
The key assessment objectives guide your analysis: AO1 focuses on informed responses using proper terminology, while AO2 examines how language, form and structure create meaning. AO3 connects texts to their various contexts, helping you understand why certain themes resonated with readers.
AO4 builds connections between different texts and periods, whilst AO5 acknowledges that interpretation isn't fixed—it's dynamic and open to debate. This means your personal interpretation matters, as long as it's well-supported by evidence.
Remember: Don't force theories onto texts or list them mechanically. Instead, let them naturally inform your analysis and always support your ideas with textual evidence.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Roland Barthes' "Death of the Author" revolutionised literary criticism in 1967 by arguing that meaning belongs to the reader, not the author's original intentions. This reader-response approach suggests that your experiences, ideas and values shape how you interpret texts—making your analysis valid and valuable.
The formalist approach shifts focus to how stories are told rather than what they mean. In The Handmaid's Tale, formalists examine Atwood's narrative techniques—how she weaves together three different time periods and blends multiple genres like science fiction, dystopian fiction and romance.
This approach reveals how narrative structure itself creates meaning. The fragmented storytelling mirrors Offred's fractured existence, whilst the mixing of genres reflects the complex reality she inhabits.
Top Tip: When applying formalist theory, focus on specific techniques like narrative voice, structure and style rather than getting lost in plot details.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Feminist literary theory, particularly Kate Millett's concept of sexual politics, examines how power operates within relationships. This lens reveals how The Handmaid's Tale exposes patriarchal oppression—women reduced to biological functions whilst men hold political and social power.
Through feminist analysis, you'll notice how female relationships drive the narrative. Atwood creates complex bonds between women that are both supportive and problematic, reflecting real-world tensions under oppressive systems.
Structuralism focuses on cultural codes and symbols that create meaning. Rather than looking at obvious symbols, structuralists examine recurring motifs—like flowers in The Handmaid's Tale. Flowers traditionally symbolise life and beauty, but in Gilead they become reminders of fertility and barrenness.
The surveillance motif appears through constant references to eyes—from the secret police called "Eyes" to the eye-like hole in Offred's ceiling where a chandelier once hung, creating an atmosphere of perpetual observation.
Key Insight: Look for symbols that appear repeatedly throughout the text—they often carry the deepest cultural meanings.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Psychoanalytic theory, rooted in Freud's work on dreams and the unconscious, treats literature like the human mind—full of hidden desires and repressed thoughts. This approach encourages you to look beneath the surface of characters' actions and words.
When applying psychoanalytic criticism, examine how unconscious desires drive character behaviour. Consider what characters' dreams reveal about their psychological state and how their sexuality—or suppression of it—influences their choices.
This method treats fictional works as inventions of the mind, similar to dreams where symbolic meaning often matters more than literal events. Characters become complex psychological studies rather than simple plot devices.
Analysis Focus: Pay attention to moments when characters act irrationally or have vivid dreams—these often reveal deeper psychological truths about their situation.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
7
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the psychological effects of war in 'Bayonet Charge' by Ted Hughes and 'Remains' by Simon Armitage. This comparative analysis delves into themes of PTSD, internal conflict, and the dehumanizing nature of battle, highlighting how both soldiers grapple with their traumatic experiences. Ideal for students studying war poetry and its emotional repercussions.
English LiteratureExplore the themes of nature, memory, and conflict in 'Kamikaze' and 'The Prelude: Stealing the Boat'. This comparative analysis highlights how both poems depict the profound impact of nature on human emotions and decisions, illustrating the tension between beauty and fear. Ideal for students studying war poetry and the theme of suffering.
English LanguageExplore the themes of power and conflict in Carol Ann Duffy's 'War Photographer'. This analysis delves into the emotional tension between the photographer's experiences of war and the detached reactions of society. Key concepts include the juxtaposition of war imagery, the impact of suffering, and the role of the media in portraying conflict. Ideal for GCSE English Literature students studying poetry anthologies.
English LiteratureExplore a detailed analysis of Ted Hughes' 'Hawk Roosting' with comprehensive annotations and a mind map. This resource delves into key themes, literary devices, and character insights, making it essential for English literature students preparing for exams or deepening their understanding of the poem.
English LiteratureExplore a comprehensive analysis of Christina Rossetti's poem 'Echo', focusing on themes of longing, memory, and the interplay between life and death. This detailed examination covers the poem's structure, emotional depth, and literary context, including references to classical myths and Rossetti's influences. Ideal for students studying Victorian poetry and literary techniques.
English LiteratureExplore the themes of identity, memory, and cultural conflict in Carol Rumens' poem 'The Emigrée'. This annotated analysis delves into the structure, key motifs, and the poet's reflections on belonging and nostalgia amidst war and exile. Ideal for GCSE English Literature students seeking to understand the emotional depth and political consciousness in poetry.
English LiteratureQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology