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Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

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Bethyn King

08/09/2022

Chemistry

HALOGENS NOTES - CCEA CHEMSITRY AS LEVEL

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Chemistry

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Inorganic chemistry

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Group 7(17), the halogens

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Trends in properties

Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

The periodic table trends and chemical reactions of halides and their properties, with emphasis on melting point trends and conductivity in periodic table, hydrogen halides reaction with phosphoric acid, and silver nitrate test for halide ions.

  • Detailed examination of hydrogen halide formation through reactions with phosphoric acid
  • Comprehensive testing procedures for halide ions using silver nitrate solution
  • Analysis of periodic trends including melting points and conductivity across groups 1-5
  • Investigation of atomic properties and their influence on physical characteristics
  • Exploration of bonding types and their effects on melting points in period 3 elements
...

08/09/2022

197

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel) X+ H3PO4 → + H₂PO₂ (SODIUM) CHLORINE Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO Na

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Periodic Trends and Conductivity

This page examines the trends across groups 1-4 and their relationship to electronic properties and physical characteristics.

Highlight: Conductivity increases towards aluminum due to increased availability of free electrons for charge transport.

Definition: Silicon acts as a semiconductor, requiring doping to conduct electricity.

Example: The halogens show a progression in physical states:

  • Fluorine: Yellow gas
  • Chlorine: Green gas
  • Bromine: Red-brown liquid
  • Iodine: Grey-black solid/purple vapor

Vocabulary: Doping - The process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties.

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel) X+ H3PO4 → + H₂PO₂ (SODIUM) CHLORINE Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO Na

View

Melting Point Trends in Period 3

This section analyzes the melting point trends across period 3 elements, focusing on the relationship between atomic structure and physical properties.

Highlight: Metallic bonding strength increases from sodium to aluminum due to increasing ionic charge and decreasing ionic size.

Definition: Giant covalent lattice structures, like in silicon, require significant energy to break bonds, resulting in high melting points.

Example: The trend in melting points varies based on structure:

  • Metals Na,Mg,AlNa, Mg, Al: High melting points due to metallic bonding
  • Silicon: Very high melting point due to giant covalent structure
  • P, S, Cl: Lower melting points due to weak van der Waals forces
  • Argon: Lowest melting point due to monoatomic structure

Vocabulary: Van der Waals forces - Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

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Subjects

Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Group 7(17), the halogens

Trends in properties

 

Chemistry

•

197

•

8 Sept 2022

•

3 pages

Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

B

Bethyn King

@bethyn_k.04

The periodic table trends and chemical reactions of halides and their properties, with emphasis on melting point trends and conductivity in periodic table, hydrogen halides reaction with phosphoric acid, and silver nitrate test for halide ions.

  • Detailed... Show more

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel) X+ H3PO4 → + H₂PO₂ (SODIUM) CHLORINE Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO Na

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Periodic Trends and Conductivity

This page examines the trends across groups 1-4 and their relationship to electronic properties and physical characteristics.

Highlight: Conductivity increases towards aluminum due to increased availability of free electrons for charge transport.

Definition: Silicon acts as a semiconductor, requiring doping to conduct electricity.

Example: The halogens show a progression in physical states:

  • Fluorine: Yellow gas
  • Chlorine: Green gas
  • Bromine: Red-brown liquid
  • Iodine: Grey-black solid/purple vapor

Vocabulary: Doping - The process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties.

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel) X+ H3PO4 → + H₂PO₂ (SODIUM) CHLORINE Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO Na

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Melting Point Trends in Period 3

This section analyzes the melting point trends across period 3 elements, focusing on the relationship between atomic structure and physical properties.

Highlight: Metallic bonding strength increases from sodium to aluminum due to increasing ionic charge and decreasing ionic size.

Definition: Giant covalent lattice structures, like in silicon, require significant energy to break bonds, resulting in high melting points.

Example: The trend in melting points varies based on structure:

  • Metals Na,Mg,AlNa, Mg, Al: High melting points due to metallic bonding
  • Silicon: Very high melting point due to giant covalent structure
  • P, S, Cl: Lower melting points due to weak van der Waals forces
  • Argon: Lowest melting point due to monoatomic structure

Vocabulary: Van der Waals forces - Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel) X+ H3PO4 → + H₂PO₂ (SODIUM) CHLORINE Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO Na

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Hydrogen Halide Formation and Testing

This section explores the formation of hydrogen halides and their testing procedures. The reaction between sodium halides and phosphoric acid produces hydrogen halides with distinctive characteristics.

Example: NaCl + H₃PO₄ → HCl + NaH₂PO₄

Highlight: The reaction produces white steamy fumes, releases heat, generates gas, and has a pungent smell.

Definition: The silver nitrate test is a key method for identifying halide ions in aqueous solutions.

Vocabulary: Precipitate - A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

The testing procedure involves adding silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid, resulting in characteristic colored precipitates for different halides:

  • Chloride: White precipitate
  • Bromide: Cream precipitate
  • Iodide: Yellow precipitate

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