Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

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Bethyn King

08/09/2022

Chemistry

HALOGENS NOTES - CCEA CHEMSITRY AS LEVEL

Subjects

Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Group 7(17), the halogens

Trends in properties

Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

The periodic table trends and chemical reactions of halides and their properties, with emphasis on melting point trends and conductivity in periodic table, hydrogen halides reaction with phosphoric acid, and silver nitrate test for halide ions.

Detailed examination of hydrogen halide formation through reactions with phosphoric acid
Comprehensive testing procedures for halide ions using silver nitrate solution
Analysis of periodic trends including melting points and conductivity across groups 1-5
Investigation of atomic properties and their influence on physical characteristics
Exploration of bonding types and their effects on melting points in period 3 elements

08/09/2022

Hydrogen halides formation (corresponding halide with phosphoric (vlaciel)
X+ H3PO4
→ + H₂PO₂
(SODIUM)
CHLORINE
Cl² + H₂PO4 → HCl + H₂ PO
Na

Periodic Trends and Conductivity

This page examines the trends across groups 1-4 and their relationship to electronic properties and physical characteristics.

Highlight: Conductivity increases towards aluminum due to increased availability of free electrons for charge transport.

Definition: Silicon acts as a semiconductor, requiring doping to conduct electricity.

Example: The halogens show a progression in physical states:

Fluorine: Yellow gas
Chlorine: Green gas
Bromine: Red-brown liquid
Iodine: Grey-black solid/purple vapor

Vocabulary: Doping - The process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties.

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Melting Point Trends in Period 3

This section analyzes the melting point trends across period 3 elements, focusing on the relationship between atomic structure and physical properties.

Highlight: Metallic bonding strength increases from sodium to aluminum due to increasing ionic charge and decreasing ionic size.

Definition: Giant covalent lattice structures, like in silicon, require significant energy to break bonds, resulting in high melting points.

Example: The trend in melting points varies based on structure:

Metals (Na, Mg, Al): High melting points due to metallic bonding
Silicon: Very high melting point due to giant covalent structure
P, S, Cl: Lower melting points due to weak van der Waals forces
Argon: Lowest melting point due to monoatomic structure

Vocabulary: Van der Waals forces - Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

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Subjects

Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Group 7(17), the halogens

Trends in properties

Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

Bethyn King

@bethyn_k.04

22 Followers

Detailed examination of hydrogen halide formation through reactions with phosphoric acid
Comprehensive testing procedures for halide ions using silver nitrate solution
Analysis of periodic trends including melting points and conductivity across groups 1-5
Investigation of atomic properties and their influence on physical characteristics
Exploration of bonding types and their effects on melting points in period 3 elements

...

08/09/2022

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Periodic Trends and Conductivity

This page examines the trends across groups 1-4 and their relationship to electronic properties and physical characteristics.

Highlight: Conductivity increases towards aluminum due to increased availability of free electrons for charge transport.

Definition: Silicon acts as a semiconductor, requiring doping to conduct electricity.

Example: The halogens show a progression in physical states:

Fluorine: Yellow gas
Chlorine: Green gas
Bromine: Red-brown liquid
Iodine: Grey-black solid/purple vapor

Vocabulary: Doping - The process of adding impurities to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties.

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Melting Point Trends in Period 3

This section analyzes the melting point trends across period 3 elements, focusing on the relationship between atomic structure and physical properties.

Highlight: Metallic bonding strength increases from sodium to aluminum due to increasing ionic charge and decreasing ionic size.

Definition: Giant covalent lattice structures, like in silicon, require significant energy to break bonds, resulting in high melting points.

Example: The trend in melting points varies based on structure:

Metals (Na, Mg, Al): High melting points due to metallic bonding
Silicon: Very high melting point due to giant covalent structure
P, S, Cl: Lower melting points due to weak van der Waals forces
Argon: Lowest melting point due to monoatomic structure

Vocabulary: Van der Waals forces - Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

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Hydrogen Halide Formation and Testing

This section explores the formation of hydrogen halides and their testing procedures. The reaction between sodium halides and phosphoric acid produces hydrogen halides with distinctive characteristics.

Example: NaCl + H₃PO₄ → HCl + NaH₂PO₄

Highlight: The reaction produces white steamy fumes, releases heat, generates gas, and has a pungent smell.

Definition: The silver nitrate test is a key method for identifying halide ions in aqueous solutions.

Vocabulary: Precipitate - A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

The testing procedure involves adding silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid, resulting in characteristic colored precipitates for different halides:

Chloride: White precipitate
Bromide: Cream precipitate
Iodide: Yellow precipitate

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Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

Periodic Trends and Conductivity

Melting Point Trends in Period 3

Similar content

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

20 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

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I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

Cool Chemistry: Fun with Hydrogen Halides and Phosphoric Acid

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Periodic Trends and Conductivity

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Melting Point Trends in Period 3

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Hydrogen Halide Formation and Testing

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

20 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.