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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
The cold war
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Inter-war germany
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Britain: 1509 -1745
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7
0
Kiran g
19/07/2025
Science
energy transfer
166
•
19 Jul 2025
•
Kiran g
@kirang
Energy transfers in science 8K curriculum: Understanding temperature, heat, and... Show more
Efficiency and Energy Costs
This section focuses on the practical aspects of energy transfer, including efficiency calculations, energy costs, and methods for reducing energy consumption in homes.
The concept of efficiency is introduced as a measure of how much useful energy is produced compared to the total energy supplied. This is a crucial aspect of understanding efficiency in energy transfer.
Definition: Efficiency is the percentage of useful energy produced by a system, calculated as x 100%.
A Sankey diagram is used to visually represent energy transfers in a kettle, showing how energy is distributed between useful work and waste heat.
Example: In the kettle example, 1600 J of energy is used to heat water, while 400 J is wasted as heat to the surroundings. The efficiency is calculated as x 100% = 80%.
The document then discusses how we pay for energy in our homes, introducing the concept of kilowatt-hours as a unit of energy consumption.
Vocabulary: A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy transferred when a 1 kW appliance is used for one hour.
Methods for reducing energy bills are suggested, including home insulation and using more efficient appliances. The concept of payback time is introduced to help evaluate the cost-effectiveness of energy-saving measures.
Definition: Payback time is the duration required for the cost of an energy-efficient installation to be matched by the money saved on energy bills.
The final section briefly touches on the importance of accuracy and precision in scientific measurements, which is crucial for all aspects of the energy transfers in science 8K curriculum.
Highlight: Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision relates to the consistency of repeated measurements.
This comprehensive overview provides students with a solid foundation in energy transfer concepts, from basic principles to practical applications in everyday life.
Energy and Temperature
This section explores the fundamental concepts of energy and temperature in the energy transfers in science 8K curriculum. It establishes the distinction between temperature and internal energy, which is crucial for understanding heat transfer processes.
Definition: Temperature is a measure of how hot something is, measured in degrees Celsius , while internal energy is the total energy stored in an object, measured in joules .
The amount of thermal energy in an object depends on three factors: its temperature, the material it's made from, and its mass. This relationship is essential for understanding efficiency in energy transfer.
Highlight: When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, energy always transfers from the hotter object to the cooler one until they reach thermal equilibrium.
The page then delves into various methods of energy transfer through heating, including evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Each of these processes is explained in detail, highlighting the differences between conduction and convection.
Example: In conduction, energy is transferred through vibrating particles in solids, while convection involves the movement of heated fluids to transfer energy.
The section on radiation introduces the concept of infrared energy transfer, which can occur through empty space and transparent materials. It also discusses how different surfaces interact with radiation.
Vocabulary: Emitters are surfaces that give off radiation, while absorbers take in radiation energy. Dark, dull surfaces are good at both emitting and absorbing, while light, shiny surfaces are better at reflecting radiation.
Finally, the concept of power is introduced as the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts or kilowatts .
Definition: Power is the rate at which energy is transferred, with one watt representing one joule of energy being transferred each second.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Kiran g
@kirang
Energy transfers in science 8K curriculum: Understanding temperature, heat, and efficiency
This summary covers key concepts in energy transfers, including temperature measurement, heat conduction methods, and energy efficiency calculations. It explores the relationships between temperature, internal energy, and heat transfer... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Efficiency and Energy Costs
This section focuses on the practical aspects of energy transfer, including efficiency calculations, energy costs, and methods for reducing energy consumption in homes.
The concept of efficiency is introduced as a measure of how much useful energy is produced compared to the total energy supplied. This is a crucial aspect of understanding efficiency in energy transfer.
Definition: Efficiency is the percentage of useful energy produced by a system, calculated as x 100%.
A Sankey diagram is used to visually represent energy transfers in a kettle, showing how energy is distributed between useful work and waste heat.
Example: In the kettle example, 1600 J of energy is used to heat water, while 400 J is wasted as heat to the surroundings. The efficiency is calculated as x 100% = 80%.
The document then discusses how we pay for energy in our homes, introducing the concept of kilowatt-hours as a unit of energy consumption.
Vocabulary: A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy transferred when a 1 kW appliance is used for one hour.
Methods for reducing energy bills are suggested, including home insulation and using more efficient appliances. The concept of payback time is introduced to help evaluate the cost-effectiveness of energy-saving measures.
Definition: Payback time is the duration required for the cost of an energy-efficient installation to be matched by the money saved on energy bills.
The final section briefly touches on the importance of accuracy and precision in scientific measurements, which is crucial for all aspects of the energy transfers in science 8K curriculum.
Highlight: Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision relates to the consistency of repeated measurements.
This comprehensive overview provides students with a solid foundation in energy transfer concepts, from basic principles to practical applications in everyday life.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Energy and Temperature
This section explores the fundamental concepts of energy and temperature in the energy transfers in science 8K curriculum. It establishes the distinction between temperature and internal energy, which is crucial for understanding heat transfer processes.
Definition: Temperature is a measure of how hot something is, measured in degrees Celsius , while internal energy is the total energy stored in an object, measured in joules .
The amount of thermal energy in an object depends on three factors: its temperature, the material it's made from, and its mass. This relationship is essential for understanding efficiency in energy transfer.
Highlight: When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, energy always transfers from the hotter object to the cooler one until they reach thermal equilibrium.
The page then delves into various methods of energy transfer through heating, including evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Each of these processes is explained in detail, highlighting the differences between conduction and convection.
Example: In conduction, energy is transferred through vibrating particles in solids, while convection involves the movement of heated fluids to transfer energy.
The section on radiation introduces the concept of infrared energy transfer, which can occur through empty space and transparent materials. It also discusses how different surfaces interact with radiation.
Vocabulary: Emitters are surfaces that give off radiation, while absorbers take in radiation energy. Dark, dull surfaces are good at both emitting and absorbing, while light, shiny surfaces are better at reflecting radiation.
Finally, the concept of power is introduced as the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts or kilowatts .
Definition: Power is the rate at which energy is transferred, with one watt representing one joule of energy being transferred each second.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
