Atomic structure and the periodic table form the foundation of... Show more
Chemistry265 views·Updated May 17, 2026·2 pagesUnderstanding Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
tianna @tianna.dv
1
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Atomic Structure Basics and the Periodic Table
Ever wondered what everything around you is actually made of? Atoms are the smallest parts of elements that can exist, and they literally make up all substances. Think of them as the building blocks of everything - your phone, your food, even you!
The periodic table contains about 100 elements, each with unique properties. Scientists like Dmitri Mendeleev and John Newlands organised elements by atomic mass, but Mendeleev was clever enough to leave gaps for undiscovered elements. Meanwhile, Niels Bohr figured out that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances, giving us our modern understanding of atomic structure.
Groups (vertical columns) tell you how many electrons are in the outer shell, whilst the atomic number equals the number of protons. Key groups include Group 1 (alkali metals), Group 2 (alkaline earth metals), Group 7 (halogens), and Group 8 (noble gases). Transition metals are much harder, stronger, and less reactive than Group 1 metals.
Quick Tip: Remember that compounds are elements chemically joined together, whilst mixtures aren't chemically combined and can be separated by filtration, crystallisation, or chromatography.
2
of 2
Atomic Theory and Periodic Patterns
Back in 1897, scientists discovered that atoms contain tiny negative particles called electrons - proving atoms aren't just solid spheres. The famous gold foil experiment showed that atoms are mostly empty space, with alpha particles going straight through but some getting deflected by the dense nucleus.
Here's what you need to know about atomic particles: protons have a +1 charge and mass of 1, neutrons have no charge and mass of 1, whilst electrons have a -1 charge and virtually no mass. The atom's radius is incredibly small - about 0.1nm! Isotopes are atoms with different numbers of neutrons, and ions are atoms with an overall charge (positive ions have lost electrons, negative ions have gained them).
Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have one electron in their outer shell and react rapidly with oxygen and chlorine. As you go down the group, they become more reactive because the outer electron is more shielded from the nucleus. Group 7 elements (halogens) have seven outer electrons and show increasing melting and boiling points as you go down the group.
Exam Essential: More reactive halogens can displace less reactive ones from aqueous solutions - this is called a displacement reaction and it's a common exam question!
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Chemistry265 views·Updated May 17, 2026·2 pagesUnderstanding Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
tianna @tianna.dv
Atomic structure and the periodic table form the foundation of chemistry - understanding how atoms are built and organised helps explain why elements behave the way they do. From Mendeleev's brilliant predictions to modern atomic theory, this topic shows you... Show more
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Atomic Structure Basics and the Periodic Table
Ever wondered what everything around you is actually made of? Atoms are the smallest parts of elements that can exist, and they literally make up all substances. Think of them as the building blocks of everything - your phone, your food, even you!
The periodic table contains about 100 elements, each with unique properties. Scientists like Dmitri Mendeleev and John Newlands organised elements by atomic mass, but Mendeleev was clever enough to leave gaps for undiscovered elements. Meanwhile, Niels Bohr figured out that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances, giving us our modern understanding of atomic structure.
Groups (vertical columns) tell you how many electrons are in the outer shell, whilst the atomic number equals the number of protons. Key groups include Group 1 (alkali metals), Group 2 (alkaline earth metals), Group 7 (halogens), and Group 8 (noble gases). Transition metals are much harder, stronger, and less reactive than Group 1 metals.
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Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have one electron in their outer shell and react rapidly with oxygen and chlorine. As you go down the group, they become more reactive because the outer electron is more shielded from the nucleus. Group 7 elements (halogens) have seven outer electrons and show increasing melting and boiling points as you go down the group.
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